أواد - كويك غايد أوبجيكت أورينتد باراديجم A بريف هيستوري أخذ النموذج الكائن المنحى شكله من المفهوم الأولي لنهج البرمجة الجديد، في حين جاء الاهتمام في التصميم وتحليل الأساليب في وقت لاحق جدا. وكانت أول لغة معترضة سيمولا (محاكاة النظم الحقيقية) التي تم تطويرها في عام 1960 من قبل الباحثين في المركز النرويجي للحوسبة. في عام 1970، أنشأ آلان كاي وفريقه البحثي في زيروكس بارك جهاز كمبيوتر شخصي يدعى دينابوك وأول لغة برمجة موجهة كائن نقية (أوبل) - سمالتالك، لبرمجة دينابوك. في ثمانينيات القرن العشرين، نشر جرادي بوخ ورقة بعنوان التصميم الموجه نحو الكائن الذي قدم أساسا تصميما لغة البرمجة، أدا. في الطبعات التي تلت ذلك، وسع أفكاره إلى طريقة تصميم معترض كاملة. في التسعينيات، أدرجت كواد أفكارا سلوكية لطرق موجهة نحو الكائن. وكانت الابتكارات الهامة الأخرى تقنيات النمذجة الكائن (أومت) من قبل جيمس رومبوغ وجوه المنحى هندسة البرمجيات (أوز) من قبل إيفار جاكوبسون. التحليل الموجه للكائنات إن تحليل الكائن الكائن (أوا) هو إجراء تحديد متطلبات هندسة البرمجيات وتطوير مواصفات البرامج من حيث نموذج كائن أنظمة البرمجيات الذي يتألف من كائنات تفاعلية. والفرق الرئيسي بين التحليل الموجه وجوه التحليل الأخرى هو أنه في النهج الموجه نحو الكائن، يتم تنظيم المتطلبات حول الكائنات، والتي تدمج كل من البيانات والوظائف. وهي مصممة على غرار الكائنات في العالم الحقيقي أن يتفاعل النظام مع. وفي منهجيات التحليل التقليدية، ينظر في كلا الجانبين - الوظائف والبيانات - بشكل منفصل. وقد حددت غرادي بوش و أوا، وتحليل كائن المنحى هو طريقة التحليل الذي يفحص المتطلبات من وجهة نظر الفئات والكائنات الموجودة في المفردات من مجال المشكلة. المهام الأساسية في تحليل الكائن الموجه (أوا) هي: تحديد الكائنات تنظيم الكائنات عن طريق إنشاء مخطط نموذج كائن تحديد الكائنات الداخلية للكائنات أو سمات الكائن تعريف سلوك الكائنات، أي إجراءات الكائن وصف كيفية تفاعل الكائنات المشتركة النماذج المستخدمة في أوا هي حالات الاستخدام ونماذج الكائن. تصميم كائن المنحى أوبجيكتورينتيد التصميم (ود) ينطوي على تنفيذ النموذج المفاهيمي المنتجة خلال تحليل وجوه المنحى. وفي ود، يتم وضع مفاهيم في نموذج التحليل، وهي تكنولوجيات تعتمد على بعضها البعض، على الطبقات المنفذة، ويتم تحديد المعوقات وتصميم الوصلات البينية، مما يؤدي إلى نموذج لنطاق الحل، أي وصف تفصيلي لكيفية بناء النظام على الخرسانة التقنيات. وتشمل تفاصيل التنفيذ عموما: إعادة هيكلة بيانات الفئة (إذا لزم الأمر)، وتنفيذ الأساليب، أي هياكل البيانات الداخلية والخوارزميات، وتنفيذ السيطرة، وتنفيذ الجمعيات. وقد حددت غرادي بوش تصميم كائن المنحى كوسيلة من تصميم يشمل عملية التحلل الكائن المنحى ورمز لتصوير كل من النماذج المنطقية والجسدية وكذلك ثابتة وديناميكية للنظام تحت التصميم. البرمجة الموجهة نحو الكائن برمجة البرمجة الكائنة (أوب) هي نموذج برمجة يستند إلى الأشياء (التي تحتوي على كل من البيانات والطرق) التي تهدف إلى دمج مزايا النمطية وإعادة الاستخدام. وتستخدم الكائنات، التي عادة ما تكون حالات الطبقات، للتفاعل مع بعضها البعض لتصميم التطبيقات وبرامج الكمبيوتر. السمات المهمة للبرامج المعترض هي: نهج بوتوموب في تصميم البرامج البرامج المنظمة حول الأشياء، مجمعة في الطبقات التركيز على البيانات مع أساليب للعمل على بيانات الكائنات التفاعل بين الكائنات من خلال وظائف إعادة تصميم التصميم من خلال إنشاء فئات جديدة عن طريق إضافة ميزات إلى الطبقات الموجودة بعض الأمثلة على لغات البرمجة الكائن المنحى هي C، جافا، سمالتالك، دلفي، C، بيرل، بيثون، روبي، و فب. وقد حدد غرادي بوش برنامجا معارضا كوسيلة للتنفيذ حيث يتم تنظيم البرامج كمجموعات تعاونية من الكائنات، كل منها يمثل مثيل من بعض الطبقات، والتي الطبقات كلها أعضاء في التسلسل الهرمي من الطبقات موحدة عن طريق العلاقات الميراث. أواد - نموذج كائن نموذج الكائن يتصور العناصر في تطبيق برنامج من حيث الكائنات. في هذا الفصل، سننظر في المفاهيم والمصطلحات الأساسية للنظم المعترض عليها. الكائنات والفصول ترتبط مفاهيم الكائنات والطبقات ارتباطا جوهريا ببعضها البعض وتشكل أساس النموذج المعترض. الكائن هو عنصر في العالم الحقيقي في بيئة معترضة قد يكون لها وجود مادي أو مفاهيمي. كل كائن لديه: الهوية التي تميزه عن الكائنات الأخرى في النظام. الدولة التي تحدد الخصائص المميزة لكائن وكذلك قيم الخصائص التي يحملها الكائن. السلوك الذي يمثل الأنشطة المرئية خارجيا التي يقوم بها كائن من حيث التغيرات في حالته. يمكن أن تكون على غرار الكائنات وفقا لاحتياجات التطبيق. قد يكون للكائن وجود مادي، مثل عميل أو سيارة أو ما إلى ذلك، أو وجود مفاهيمي غير ملموس، مثل مشروع، عملية، إلخ. فئة تمثل مجموعة من الكائنات ذات الخصائص المميزة نفسها التي تظهر سلوكا شائعا. أنه يعطي مخطط أو وصف الكائنات التي يمكن إنشاؤها منه. إنشاء كائن كعضو من فئة تسمى إنستياتيون. وهكذا، الكائن هو مثال من فئة. مكونات الطبقة هي: مجموعة من الصفات للكائنات التي سيتم إنشاؤها من الطبقة. عموما، الكائنات المختلفة من فئة لها بعض الاختلاف في قيم السمات. وغالبا ما يشار إلى السمات كبيانات الفئة. مجموعة من العمليات التي تصور سلوك الكائنات من الطبقة. كما يشار إلى العمليات على أنها وظائف أو أساليب. دعونا نعتبر فئة بسيطة، دائرة، التي تمثل دائرة الشكل الهندسي في الفضاء توديمنزيونال. ويمكن تعريف خصائص هذا الصنف على النحو التالي: شكورد، للدلالة على كسوروردينات من يورد المركز، للدلالة على يكوردينات من المركز أ، للدلالة على نصف قطر الدائرة يمكن تعريف بعض عملياتها على النحو التالي: فينداريا ()، طريقة لحساب منطقة فيندسيركومفيرنس ()، طريقة لحساب مقياس محيط ()، طريقة لزيادة أو نقصان نصف قطرها أثناء المثيل، يتم تعيين قيم لبعض السمات على الأقل. إذا أنشأنا كائن ميسيركل، يمكننا تعيين قيم مثل X-كورد. 2، y-كورد. 3، و a. 4 لتصوير دولتها. الآن، إذا تم تنفيذ مقياس العملية () على ميسيركل مع عامل التحجيم من 2، فإن قيمة المتغير a تصبح 8. هذه العملية يجلب تغيير في حالة ميسيركل، أي أن الكائن قد أظهرت سلوك معين. التغليف والتعبئة والتغليف إخفاء البيانات التغليف هو عملية ربط كل من السمات والطرق معا ضمن فئة. من خلال التغليف، يمكن إخفاء التفاصيل الداخلية للفئة من الخارج. ويسمح للعناصر من الطبقة أن يتم الوصول إليها من الخارج فقط من خلال واجهة المقدمة من قبل الطبقة. إخفاء البيانات عادة، يتم تصميم فئة بحيث يمكن الوصول إلى بياناتها (سمات) فقط من خلال أساليب فئتها ومعزولة من الوصول الخارجي المباشر. وتسمى عملية عزل بيانات الكائنات هذه باخفاء البيانات أو إخفاء المعلومات. في الطبقة الدائرة، يمكن إدراج إخفاء البيانات عن طريق جعل السمات غير مرئية من خارج الصف وإضافة اثنين من الأساليب الأخرى للفئة للوصول إلى البيانات الطبقة، وهي: سيتفالويس ()، طريقة لتعيين القيم إلى x - كورد، y - كورد، و جيتفالويس ()، طريقة لاسترداد قيم x-كورد، y-كورد، وهنا لا يمكن الوصول إلى البيانات الخاصة للكائن ميسيركل مباشرة بأي طريقة غير مغلفة داخل فئة سيركل. وينبغي بدلا من ذلك الوصول إليها من خلال أساليب سيتفالويس () و جيتفالويس (). رسالة تمرير أي تطبيق يتطلب عددا من الكائنات التفاعل بطريقة منسجمة. قد تتفاعل الكائنات في النظام مع بعضها البعض باستخدام تمرير الرسالة. لنفترض أن النظام له كائنين: obj1 و obj2. الكائن obj1 يرسل رسالة الى الكائن obj2 اذا كان obj1 يريد obj2 لتنفيذ احدى طرقه. ملامح تمرير الرسالة هي: تمرير رسالة بين كائنين بشكل عام أحادي الاتجاه. تمكن رسالة تمرير جميع التفاعلات بين الكائنات. رسالة تمرير أساسا ينطوي على استدعاء أساليب الصف. يمكن أن تشارك الكائنات في عمليات مختلفة في تمرير الرسالة. الميراث الميراث هو الآلية التي تسمح الطبقات الجديدة التي سيتم إنشاؤها من الطبقات القائمة من خلال توسيع وتنقيح قدراتها. وتسمى الطبقات الحالية الطبقات كلاسيسوبر الطبقات كلاسيسبارنت، والطبقات الجديدة تسمى الطبقات كلاسيسشيلد المشتقة. يمكن للفئة الفرعية أن ترث أو تستمد سمات وطرق الطبقة العليا (الفصول) شريطة أن الطبقة الفائقة تسمح بذلك. الى جانب ذلك، الفئة الفرعية قد تضيف سماتها وطرقها ويمكن تعديل أي من الأساليب فائقة الدرجة. الميراث يعرف العلاقة. من فئة الثدييات، ويمكن استخلاص عدد من الطبقات مثل الإنسان، القط، الكلب، البقر، الخ البشر والقطط والكلاب والأبقار جميعا لها خصائص متميزة من الثدييات. وبالإضافة إلى ذلك، لكل منها خصائصها الخاصة. ويمكن القول أن بقرة هي ثديي. أنواع الميراث: إرث واحد. فئة فرعية مستمدة من فئة فائقة واحدة. الإرث المتعدد. فئة فرعية مستمدة من أكثر من فئة فائقة. الميراث متعدد المستويات. فئة فرعية مستمدة من الطبقة الفائقة التي بدورها مشتقة من فئة أخرى وهلم جرا. الهرمية الهرمية. الفئة لديها عدد من الفئات الفرعية كل منها قد يكون لها فئات فرعية لاحقة، وتستمر لعدد من المستويات، وذلك لتشكيل هيكل شجرة. الهجين الوراثي. مزيج من الميراث متعددة ومتعددة المستويات وذلك لتشكيل هيكل شعرية. ويوضح الشكل التالي أمثلة على أنواع مختلفة من الميراث. تعدد الأشكال تعدد الأشكال هو في الأصل كلمة يونانية تعني القدرة على اتخاذ أشكال متعددة. في النموذج الموجه كائن، تعدد الأشكال ينطوي على استخدام عمليات بطرق مختلفة، اعتمادا على المثال الذي تعمل عليه. تعدد الأشكال يسمح الكائنات مع الهياكل الداخلية المختلفة أن يكون واجهة خارجية مشتركة. تعدد الأشكال فعال بشكل خاص أثناء تنفيذ الميراث. دعونا نعتبر فئتين، دائرة ومربع، مع كل طريقة فينداريا (). على الرغم من أن اسم والغرض من الطرق في الطبقات هي نفسها، والتنفيذ الداخلي، أي إجراء حساب المنطقة يختلف عن كل فئة. عند استدعاء كائن من كلاس سيركل الأسلوب فينداريا () العملية تجد منطقة الدائرة دون أي تعارض مع الأسلوب فينداريا () من الطبقة مربع. التعميم والتخصص يمثل التعميم والتخصص هرمية من العلاقات بين الطبقات، حيث ترث الأصناف الفرعية من الطبقات العليا. التعميم في عملية التعميم، يتم الجمع بين الخصائص المشتركة للفئات لتشكيل فئة في مستوى أعلى من التسلسل الهرمي، أي يتم تجميعها فئات فرعية لتشكيل فئة فائقة المعمم. وهو يمثل نوع من العلاقة. على سبيل المثال، السيارة هي نوع من المركبات البرية، أو السفينة هي نوع من سيارة المياه. التخصص التخصص هو عملية عكسية من التعميم. هنا، يتم استخدام السمات المميزة للمجموعات من الكائنات لتشكيل الطبقات المتخصصة من الطبقات الموجودة. ويمكن القول أن الفئات الفرعية هي إصدارات متخصصة من الطبقة الفائقة. ويبين الشكل التالي مثالا للتعميم والتخصص. الارتباطات والروابط يمثل الرابط وصلة يتم من خلالها تعاون عنصر مع كائنات أخرى. وقد عرف رومبوه بأنه اتصال فعلي أو مفاهيمي بين الأشياء. من خلال وصلة، قد يستشهد أحد الكائنات بالطرق أو التنقل عبر كائن آخر. ويوضح الرابط العلاقة بين كائنين أو أكثر. رابطة الرابطة هي مجموعة من الروابط وجود بنية مشتركة والسلوك المشترك. جمعية يصور العلاقة بين الكائنات من فئة واحدة أو أكثر. يمكن تعريف الرابط كمثال للجمعية. درجة الرابطة درجة من جمعية يدل على عدد من الفئات المشاركة في اتصال. قد تكون الدرجة أحادية، ثنائية، أو ثلاثية. علاقة عارية تربط الأشياء من نفس الفئة. العلاقة الثنائية تربط بين كائنات من فئتين. وهناك علاقة ثلاثية تربط الكائنات من ثلاثة أو أكثر من الطبقات. النسب النسبية للجمعيات تشير علاقة الارتباط الثنائي إلى عدد الحالات المشاركة في الجمعية. هناك ثلاثة أنواع من النسب الأساسية، وهي: أونيتون. يرتبط كائن واحد من الفئة A بكائن واحد من الفئة B. أونيتوماني. يرتبط كائن واحد من الفئة A مع العديد من الكائنات من الفئة B. مانيتوماني. يمكن أن يرتبط كائن من الصنف A بالعديد من الأشياء من الصنف B والعكس بالعكس كائن من الصنف B قد يكون مرتبطا بالعديد من الأشياء من الفئة A. التجميع أو التركيب التجميع أو التركيب هو علاقة بين الفئات التي يمكن أن تتكون من فئة من أي مجموعة من الكائنات من فئات أخرى. فإنه يسمح الكائنات لتوضع مباشرة داخل الجسم من الطبقات الأخرى. ويشار إلى التجميع على أنه جزء أو علاقة هاسا، مع القدرة على التنقل من العموم إلى أجزائه. الكائن التجميعي هو كائن يتكون من كائن واحد أو أكثر. في العلاقة، سيارة هاسا السيارات، السيارة هي الكائن كله أو التجميع، والمحرك هو جزء من السيارة. التجميع قد يشير إلى: الاحتواء المادي. على سبيل المثال، يتكون جهاز الكمبيوتر من وحدة المعالجة المركزية، وحدة المعالجة المركزية، والماوس، لوحة المفاتيح، وهلم جرا. الاحتواء المفاهيمي. على سبيل المثال، حصة المساهمين حصة. فوائد نموذج كائن الآن بعد أن ذهبنا من خلال المفاهيم الأساسية المتعلقة التوجه الكائن، سيكون من المفيد أن نلاحظ المزايا التي هذا النموذج لهذا العرض. فوائد استخدام نموذج الكائن هي: أنه يساعد في أسرع تطوير البرمجيات. فمن السهل للحفاظ على. لنفترض أن وحدة نمطية تطور خطأ، ثم مبرمج يمكن إصلاح تلك الوحدة معينة، في حين أن أجزاء أخرى من البرنامج لا تزال قائمة وتشغيلها. وهو يدعم ترقيات خالية من المتاعب نسبيا. وهو يتيح إعادة استخدام الكائنات والتصاميم والوظائف. فهو يقلل من مخاطر التنمية، لا سيما في تكامل النظم المعقدة. نظام كائن المنحى نحن نعلم أن تقنية النمذجة الموجهة نحو الكائن (أوم) تصور الأشياء في تطبيق باستخدام نماذج منظمة حول الكائنات. أي نهج تطوير البرمجيات يمر من خلال المراحل التالية: في هندسة البرمجيات المنحى الكائن، مطور البرمجيات يحدد وينظم التطبيق من حيث المفاهيم وجوه المنحى، قبل تمثيلها النهائي في أي لغة برمجة محددة أو أدوات البرمجيات. مراحل تطوير البرمجيات الموجهة نحو الكائن إن المراحل الرئيسية لتطوير البرمجيات باستخدام المنهجية المعنوية هي التحليل الموجه نحو الكائن، والتصميم الموجه نحو الكائن، والتنفيذ الموجه نحو الكائن. تحليل أوبجيكتورينتيد في هذه المرحلة، يتم صياغة المشكلة، يتم تحديد متطلبات المستخدم، ومن ثم يتم بناء نموذج يستند إلى الكائنات ريالورلد. وينتج التحليل نماذج عن كيفية عمل النظام المطلوب وكيفية تطويره. لا تشمل النماذج أي تفاصيل التنفيذ بحيث يمكن فهمها وفحصها من قبل أي خبير تطبيق غير تقني. تصميم أوبجيكتورنتد كائن المنحى يتضمن مرحلتين رئيسيتين، وهما تصميم النظام وتصميم الكائن. تصميم النظام في هذه المرحلة، تم تصميم العمارة الكاملة للنظام المطلوب. ويعتبر النظام بمثابة مجموعة من النظم الفرعية المتفاعلة التي تتكون بدورها من تسلسل هرمي من الكائنات المتفاعلة، مجمعة في فصول. ويتم تصميم النظام وفقا لكل من نموذج تحليل النظام وهيكل النظام المقترح. هنا، يتم التركيز على الكائنات التي تتألف من النظام بدلا من العمليات في النظام. تصميم الكائن في هذه المرحلة، يتم تطوير نموذج التصميم استنادا إلى كل من النماذج التي تم تطويرها في مرحلة تحليل النظام والهندسة المعمارية المصممة في مرحلة تصميم النظام. يتم تحديد جميع الفئات المطلوبة. يقرر المصمم ما إذا كان سيتم إنشاء فئات جديدة من الصفر، وأي فئات موجودة يمكن استخدامها في شكلها الأصلي، أو أن تكون الطبقات الجديدة موروثة من الفئات الموجودة. وتحدد الروابط بين الفئات المحددة وتحدد التسلسل الهرمي للفئات. إلى جانب ذلك، يقوم المطور بتصميم التفاصيل الداخلية للفئات ورابطاتها، أي بنية البيانات لكل سمة وخوارزميات العمليات. كائن أوبجيكتورنتيد التنفيذ والاختبار في هذه المرحلة، يتم ترجمة نموذج التصميم الذي تم تطويره في تصميم الكائن إلى التعليمات البرمجية بلغة البرمجة المناسبة أو أداة البرمجيات. يتم إنشاء قواعد البيانات وتأكد من متطلبات الأجهزة المحددة. مرة واحدة رمز في الشكل، يتم اختباره باستخدام تقنيات متخصصة لتحديد وإزالة الأخطاء في التعليمات البرمجية. مبادئ الكائن الموجه مبادئ الأنظمة الكائنية المنحى يستند الإطار المفاهيمي للنظم المعترضة إلى نموذج الكائن. هناك فئتان من العناصر في نظام المنحى الكائن: العناصر الرئيسية. ومن ناحية أخرى، فإن المقصود من ذلك هو أنه إذا لم يكن هناك أي نموذج من هذه العناصر، فإنه يتوقف عن أن يكون موضوعا موجها. العناصر الرئيسية الأربعة هي: العناصر الصغرى. وبعبارة ثانوية، يقصد به أن هذه العناصر مفيدة، ولكنها ليست جزءا لا غنى عنه من نموذج الكائن. العناصر الثانوية الثلاثة هي: التجريد التجريد يعني التركيز على السمات الأساسية لعنصر أو كائن في أوب، متجاهلا خصائصه الخارجية أو غير المقصودة. السمات الأساسية هي نسبة إلى السياق الذي يتم استخدام الكائن. وقد عرف غرادي بوخ التجريد على النحو التالي: التجريد يدل على الخصائص الأساسية للكائن الذي يميزه عن جميع أنواع أخرى من الكائنات، وبالتالي توفير حدود مفاهيمية محددة بدقة، بالنسبة إلى وجهة نظر المشاهد. مثال. عندما يتم تصميم فئة الطالب، يتم تضمين سمات إنرولمنتنومبر، اسم، بالطبع، والعنوان في حين يتم القضاء على خصائص مثل بريسيرات و سيزوفشو، لأنها ليست ذات صلة في منظور المؤسسة التعليمية. التغليف عملية التغليف هي عملية ربط كل من السمات والطرق معا ضمن فئة. من خلال التغليف، يمكن إخفاء التفاصيل الداخلية للفئة من الخارج. يحتوي الفصل على أساليب توفر واجهات المستخدم التي يمكن من خلالها استخدام الخدمات المقدمة من قبل الفئة. نمطية نمطية هي عملية تحلل مشكلة (برنامج) في مجموعة من الوحدات وذلك للحد من التعقيد الكلي للمشكلة. وقد حددت بوش نمطية على النحو التالي: نمطية هو خاصية النظام الذي تم تحلله إلى مجموعة من وحدات متماسكة ومقرونة بشكل فضفاض. وترتبط النمطية ارتباطا جوهريا بالتغليف. ويمكن تصور النمطية كوسيلة لرسم الخرائط التجريدات مغلفة في وحدات حقيقية، المادية وجود التماسك عالية داخل وحدات والتفاعل بين إنتيرمولود أو اقتران منخفضة. في الكلمات غرادي بوشس، التسلسل الهرمي هو الترتيب أو ترتيب التجريد. ومن خلال التسلسل الهرمي، يمكن أن يتكون النظام من نظم فرعية مترابطة، يمكن أن يكون لها نظم فرعية خاصة بها، وهلم جرا إلى أن يتم التوصل إلى المكونات الأصغر مستوى. ويستخدم مبدأ الانقسام وقهر. يسمح التسلسل الهرمي بإعادة استخدام الشفرة. نوعين من التسلسل الهرمي في أوا هي: التسلسل الهرمي عيسى. وهو يحدد العلاقة الهرمية في الميراث، حيث أنه من الطبقة الفائقة، يمكن استخلاص عدد من الفئات الفرعية التي قد يكون لها مرة أخرى فئات فرعية وهلم جرا. على سبيل المثال، إذا استمدنا فئة روز من زهرة الطبقة، يمكننا أن نقول أن وردة زهرة عيسى. التسلسل الهرمي للبارتوف. وهو يحدد العلاقة الهرمية في التجميع الذي يمكن أن يتكون من فئة من فئات أخرى. على سبيل المثال، زهرة تتكون من سيبالس، بتلات، السداة، كاربيل. ويمكن القول أن البتلة هي زهرة بارتوف. وفقا لنظريات نوع البيانات المجردة، النوع هو توصيف لمجموعة من العناصر. في أوب، يتم تصور فئة كنوع وجود خصائص متميزة عن أي أنواع أخرى. الكتابة هي تطبيق فكرة أن كائن هو مثيل فئة واحدة أو نوع واحد. كما أنه يفرض أن الأشياء من أنواع مختلفة قد لا تكون متبادلة عموما، ويمكن أن تكون متبادلة فقط بطريقة مقيدة جدا إذا كان مطلوبا تماما للقيام بذلك. نوعين من الكتابة هي: كتابة قوية. هنا، يتم فحص العملية على كائن في وقت التجميع، كما هو الحال في لغة البرمجة إيفل. طباعة ضعيفة. هنا، قد يتم إرسال الرسائل إلى أي فئة. يتم التحقق من العملية فقط في وقت التنفيذ، كما هو الحال في لغة البرمجة سمالتالك. التزامن يسمح التزامن في أنظمة التشغيل بتنفيذ مهام أو عمليات متعددة في وقت واحد. عند وجود عملية واحدة في نظام، يقال أن هناك موضوع واحد من السيطرة. ومع ذلك، فإن معظم الأنظمة لها مواضيع متعددة، وبعض نشطة، وبعض الانتظار لوحدة المعالجة المركزية، وبعض علقت، وبعض إنهاء. أنظمة مع وحدات المعالجة المركزية متعددة تسمح بطبيعتها المواضيع المتزامنة من السيطرة ولكن الأنظمة التي تعمل على وحدة المعالجة المركزية واحد استخدام خوارزميات مناسبة لإعطاء وقت وحدة المعالجة المركزية المنصف للخيوط وذلك لتمكين التزامن. في بيئة موجهة كائن، هناك كائنات نشطة وغير نشطة. الكائنات النشطة لها مواضيع مستقلة من التحكم التي يمكن تنفيذها بشكل متزامن مع المواضيع من الكائنات الأخرى. تتم مزامنة الكائنات النشطة مع بعضها البعض وكذلك مع الكائنات متتابعة بحتة. الثبات كائن يحتل مساحة الذاكرة ويوجد لفترة معينة من الزمن. في البرمجة التقليدية، كان عمر الكائن عادة عمر تنفيذ البرنامج الذي أنشأه. في الملفات أو قواعد البيانات، عمر الكائن أطول من مدة العملية إنشاء الكائن. هذه الخاصية التي لا يزال وجود كائن حتى حتى بعد أن الخالق يتوقف عن الوجود يعرف باسم الثبات. التحليل الموجه للكائنات في مرحلة تحليل النظام أو مرحلة تحليل الكائن الموجه لتطوير البرمجيات، يتم تحديد متطلبات النظام، ويتم تحديد الفئات وتحديد العلاقات بين الفئات. تقنيات التحليل الثلاثة التي تستخدم جنبا إلى جنب مع بعضها البعض لتحليل الكائن المنحى هي نماذج الكائن، والنمذجة الديناميكية، والنمذجة الوظيفية. كائن النمذجة كائن النمذجة تطوير بنية ثابتة من نظام البرمجيات من حيث الكائنات. وهو يحدد الكائنات، والطبقات التي يمكن تجميع الكائنات فيها والعلاقات بين الكائنات. كما أنه يحدد السمات الرئيسية والعمليات التي تميز كل فئة. يمكن تصور عملية النمذجة الكائن في الخطوات التالية: تحديد الكائنات والمجموعة في فئات تحديد العلاقات بين الفئات إنشاء مخطط نموذج كائن مستخدم تعريف سمات كائن المستخدم تعريف العمليات التي يجب تنفيذها على الفئات مراجعة مسرد النمذجة الديناميكية بعد ثابت يتم تحليل سلوك النظام، سلوكها فيما يتعلق الوقت والتغيرات الخارجية تحتاج إلى فحص. هذا هو الغرض من النمذجة الديناميكية. يمكن تعريف النمذجة الديناميكية كطريقة لوصف الكيفية التي يستجيب بها الكائن الفردي للأحداث، سواء الأحداث الداخلية التي تسببها أشياء أخرى، أو الأحداث الخارجية التي يسببها العالم الخارجي. يمكن أن تصور عملية النمذجة الديناميكية في الخطوات التالية: تحديد حالات كل كائن تحديد الأحداث وتحليل تطبيق الإجراءات بناء الرسم البياني النموذج الديناميكي، التي تتألف من المخططات الانتقالية الدولة التعبير عن كل دولة من حيث سمات الكائن التحقق من المخططات ستاتترانزيتيون تعادل وظيفية نمذجة النمذجة الوظيفية هو العنصر النهائي للتحليل الكائن المنحى. يعرض النموذج الوظيفي العمليات التي يتم تنفيذها داخل كائن وكيف تتغير البيانات أثناء انتقالها بين الأساليب. وهو يحدد معنى عمليات نمذجة الكائن وأعمال النمذجة الديناميكية. ويتوافق النموذج الوظيفي مع مخطط تدفق البيانات للتحليل المنظم التقليدي. يمكن تصور عملية النمذجة الوظيفية في الخطوات التالية: تحديد جميع المدخلات والمخرجات إنشاء المخططات تدفق البيانات التي تبين التبعيات الوظيفية الدولة الغرض من كل وظيفة تحديد القيود تحديد معايير التحسين التحليل الهيكلي مقابل تحليل كائن المنحى التحليل الهيكلي الهيكلي تصميم (ساسد ) النهج هو النهج التقليدي لتطوير البرمجيات على أساس نموذج الشلال. مراحل تطوير نظام باستخدام ساسد هي: دراسة الجدوى تحليل المتطلبات والمواصفات تصميم النظام التنفيذ مراجعة ما بعد التنفيذ الآن، وسوف ننظر في المزايا والعيوب النسبية لنهج التحليل المنظم ونهج تحليل وجوه المنحى. المزايا مزايا تحليل كائن يركز على البيانات بدلا من الإجراءات كما في التحليل الهيكلي. وتقتصر وظائف داخل الكائنات. وقد يشكل ذلك مشكلة بالنسبة لأنظمة ذات طبيعة إجرائية أو حسابية جوهرية. وتساعد مبادئ التغليف وإخفاء البيانات المطور على تطوير أنظمة لا يمكن العبث بها من قبل أجزاء أخرى من النظام. فإنه لا يمكن تحديد الكائنات التي سوف تولد تصميم النظام الأمثل. وتساعد مبادئ التغليف وإخفاء البيانات المطور على تطوير أنظمة لا يمكن العبث بها من قبل أجزاء أخرى من النظام. لا تظهر النماذج الموجهة كائن بسهولة الاتصالات بين الكائنات في النظام. فإنه يسمح الإدارة الفعالة لتعقيد البرمجيات بحكم نمطية. لا يمكن تمثيل جميع الواجهات بين الكائنات في رسم تخطيطي واحد. ويمكن ترقيته من الأنظمة الصغيرة إلى الكبيرة بسهولة أكبر مما هو الحال في الأنظمة التالية للتحليل المنظم. المزايا عيوب التحليل الهيكلي كما أنه يتبع نهج من أعلى إلى أسفل على النقيض من النهج من أسفل إلى أعلى من تحليل وجوه المنحى، فإنه يمكن فهمها بسهولة أكبر من أوا. وفي نماذج التحليل المنظم التقليدية، ينبغي استكمال مرحلة واحدة قبل المرحلة التالية. وهذا يطرح مشكلة في التصميم، خاصة إذا ما حدث خطأ في المحصول أو تغيرت المتطلبات. لأنه يقوم على وظيفة. يتم تحديد الغرض العام ثم يتم التحلل الوظيفي لتطوير البرمجيات. فالتركيز ليس فقط على فهم أفضل للنظام بل يولد أيضا أنظمة أكثر اكتمالا. التكلفة الأولية لبناء النظام عالية، حيث أن النظام بأكمله يحتاج إلى تصميم في وقت واحد ترك خيارا ضئيلا جدا لإضافة وظيفة في وقت لاحق. يتم كتابة المواصفات في ذلك في اللغة الإنجليزية بسيطة، وبالتالي يمكن تحليلها بسهولة أكبر من قبل الموظفين غير التقنيين. أنها لا تدعم إعادة استخدام التعليمات البرمجية. لذلك، فإن الوقت والتكلفة للتنمية مرتفعة بطبيعتها. النمذجة الديناميكية يمثل النموذج الديناميكي الجوانب المترابطة من النظام. وهي تعنى بالتغيرات الزمنية في حالات الكائنات في النظام. المفاهيم الرئيسية هي: الدولة، وهي الحالة في حالة معينة خلال عمر الكائن. الانتقال، وهو تغيير في حالة الدولة، وهو الحدث الذي يؤدي التحولات العمل، وهو حساب دون انقطاع والذري الذي يحدث بسبب بعض الأحداث، والتزامن من التحولات. آلة الدولة نماذج سلوك كائن كما يمر عبر عدد من الحالات في حياتها بسبب بعض الأحداث وكذلك الإجراءات التي تحدث بسبب الأحداث. يتم تمثيل آلة الدولة بيانيا من خلال مخطط انتقال الدولة. الدول والتحولات الدولة الدولة هو التجريد تعطى قيم القيم التي الكائن في فترة زمنية معينة. وهي حالة تحدث لفترة زمنية محددة في عمر جسم ما، حيث تستوفي شروطا معينة، وتؤدي بعض الأنشطة، أو تنتظر حدوث أحداث معينة. في المخططات الانتقالية للدولة، يتم تمثيل الدولة بواسطة مستطيلات مدورة. أجزاء من اسم الدولة. سلسلة تميز دولة واحدة من أخرى. قد لا يكون للدولة أي اسم. إجراءات الدخول. وهي تدل على الأنشطة المنفذة عند دخول الدولة أو الخروج منها. التحولات الداخلية. التغييرات داخل الدولة التي لا تسبب تغييرا في الدولة. البوابات. الدول داخل الدول. الدول الأولية والنهائية تسمى حالة البداية الافتراضية للكائن بالحالة الأولية. الحالة النهائية تشير إلى الانتهاء من تنفيذ الجهاز الدولة. الحالات الأولية والنهائية هي حالات زائفة، وقد لا يكون لها أجزاء من حالة عادية باستثناء الاسم. في المخططات الانتقالية للدولة، يتم تمثيل الحالة الأولية من قبل دائرة سوداء مليئة. وتمثل الحالة النهائية دائرة سوداء مليئة محاطة بدائرة سوداء أخرى غير صالحة. الانتقال الانتقال يشير إلى تغيير في حالة كائن. إذا كان الكائن في حالة معينة عند حدوث حدث، قد يؤدي الكائن أنشطة معينة تخضع لشروط محددة وتغيير الحالة. وفي هذه الحالة، يقال إنه قد حدث إحصاء. الانتقال يعطي العلاقة بين الدولة الأولى والدولة الجديدة. يتم تمثيل الانتقال بيانيا من خلال قوس موجه الصلبة من حالة المصدر إلى حالة الوجهة. والأجزاء الخمسة من مرحلة الانتقال هي: دولة المصدر. الدولة المتأثرة بالانتقال. مشغل الحدث. الحدوث الذي يحدث بسبب حدوث كائن في حالة المصدر في حالة استيفاء شرط الحراسة. حالة الحرس. تعبير منطقي إذا كان ترو يؤدي إلى انتقال على استقبال مشغل الحدث. عمل . حساب غير قابل للانقطاع والذري الذي يحدث على كائن المصدر بسبب بعض الأحداث. الدولة المستهدفة. الدولة الوجهة بعد الانتهاء من الانتقال. لنفترض أن الشخص يأخذ سيارة أجرة من مكان X إلى مكان Y. يمكن أن تكون حالات الشخص: الانتظار (انتظار سيارة أجرة)، ركوب (لديه سيارة أجرة ويسافر فيه)، والوصول (وصل إلى المكان المقصود). ويوضح الشكل التالي انتقال الدولة. الأحداث هي بعض الأحداث التي يمكن أن تؤدي إلى انتقال حالة كائن أو مجموعة من الكائنات. الأحداث لها موقع في الزمان والمكان ولكن لم يكن لديك فترة زمنية المرتبطة به. ترتبط الأحداث عموما ببعض الإجراءات. أمثلة على الأحداث هي النقر بالماوس، الصحافة الرئيسية، المقاطعة، تجاوز كومة، الخ الأحداث التي تؤدي التحولات مكتوبة جنبا إلى جنب مع قوس الانتقال في الرسوم البيانية للدولة. وبالنظر إلى المثال الموضح في الشكل أعلاه، فإن الانتقال من حالة الانتظار إلى حالة ركوب الخيل يحدث عندما يحصل الشخص على سيارة أجرة. وبالمثل، يتم التوصل إلى الحالة النهائية، عندما يصل إلى الوجهة. These two occurrences can be termed as events GetTaxi and ReachDestination. The following figure shows the events in a state machine. External and Internal Events External events are those events that pass from a user of the system to the objects within the system. For example, mouse click or keypress by the user are external events. Internal events are those that pass from one object to another object within a system. For example, stack overflow, a divide error, etc. Deferred Events Deferred events are those which are not immediately handled by the object in the current state but are lined up in a queue so that they can be handled by the object in some other state at a later time. Event Classes Event class indicates a group of events with common structure and behavior. As with classes of objects, event classes may also be organized in a hierarchical structure. Event classes may have attributes associated with them, time being an implicit attribute. For example, we can consider the events of departure of a flight of an airline, which we can group into the following class: FlightDeparts (FlightNo, FromCity, ToCity, Route) Activity is an operation upon the states of an object that requires some time period. They are the ongoing executions within a system that can be interrupted. Activities are shown in activity diagrams that portray the flow from one activity to another. An action is an atomic operation that executes as a result of certain events. By atomic, it is meant that actions are un-interruptible, i. e. if an action starts executing, it runs into completion without being interrupted by any event. An action may operate upon an object on which an event has been triggered or on other objects that are visible to this object. A set of actions comprise an activity. Entry and Exit Actions Entry action is the action that is executed on entering a state, irrespective of the transition that led into it. Likewise, the action that is executed while leaving a state, irrespective of the transition that led out of it, is called an exit action. Scenario is a description of a specified sequence of actions. It depicts the behavior of objects undergoing a specific action series. The primary scenarios depict the essential sequences and the secondary scenarios depict the alternative sequences. Diagrams for Dynamic Modelling There are two primary diagrams that are used for dynamic modelling: Interaction Diagrams Interaction diagrams describe the dynamic behavior among different objects. It comprises of a set of objects, their relationships, and the message that the objects send and receive. Thus, an interaction models the behavior of a group of interrelated objects. The two types of interaction diagrams are: Sequence Diagram . It represents the temporal ordering of messages in a tabular manner. Collaboration Diagram . It represents the structural organization of objects that send and receive messages through vertices and arcs. State Transition Diagram State transition diagrams or state machines describe the dynamic behavior of a single object. It illustrates the sequences of states that an object goes through in its lifetime, the transitions of the states, the events and conditions causing the transition and the responses due to the events. Concurrency of Events In a system, two types of concurrency may exist. They are: System Concurrency Here, concurrency is modelled in the system level. The overall system is modelled as the aggregation of state machines, where each state machine executes concurrently with others. Concurrency within an Object Here, an object can issue concurrent events. An object may have states that are composed of sub-states, and concurrent events may occur in each of the sub-states. Concepts related to concurrency within an object are as follows: (a) Simple and Composite States A simple state has no sub-structure. A state that has simpler states nested inside it is called a composite state. A sub-state is a state that is nested inside another state. It is generally used to reduce the complexity of a state machine. Sub-states can be nested to any number of levels. Composite states may have either sequential sub-states or concurrent sub-states. (b) Sequential Sub-states In sequential sub-states, the control of execution passes from one sub-state to another sub-state one after another in a sequential manner. There is at most one initial state and one final state in these state machines. The following figure illustrates the concept of sequential sub-states. (c) Concurrent Sub-states In concurrent sub-states, the sub-states execute in parallel, or in other words, each state has concurrently executing state machines within it. Each of the state machines has its own initial and final states. If one concurrent sub-state reaches its final state before the other, control waits at its final state. When all the nested state machines reach their final states, the sub-states join back to a single flow. The following figure shows the concept of concurrent sub-states. Functional Modelling Functional Modelling gives the process perspective of the object-oriented analysis model and an overview of what the system is supposed to do. It defines the function of the internal processes in the system with the aid of Data Flow Diagrams (DFDs). It depicts the functional derivation of the data values without indicating how they are derived when they are computed, or why they need to be computed. Data Flow Diagrams Functional Modelling is represented through a hierarchy of DFDs. The DFD is a graphical representation of a system that shows the inputs to the system, the processing upon the inputs, the outputs of the system as well as the internal data stores. DFDs illustrate the series of transformations or computations performed on the objects or the system, and the external controls and objects that affect the transformation. Rumbaugh et al. have defined DFD as, A data flow diagram is a graph which shows the flow of data values from their sources in objects through processes that transform them to their destinations on other objects. The four main parts of a DFD are: The other parts of a DFD are: Features of a DFD Processes are the computational activities that transform data values. A whole system can be visualized as a high-level process. A process may be further divided into smaller components. The lowest-level process may be a simple function. Representation in DFD . A process is represented as an ellipse with its name written inside it and contains a fixed number of input and output data values. مثال. The following figure shows a process ComputeHCFLCM that accepts two integers as inputs and outputs their HCF (highest common factor) and LCM (least common multiple). Data Flows Data flow represents the flow of data between two processes. It could be between an actor and a process, or between a data store and a process. A data flow denotes the value of a data item at some point of the computation. This value is not changed by the data flow. Representation in DFD . A data flow is represented by a directed arc or an arrow, labelled with the name of the data item that it carries. In the above figure, Integera and Integerb represent the input data flows to the process, while L. C.M. and H. C.F. are the output data flows. A data flow may be forked in the following cases: The output value is sent to several places as shown in the following figure. Here, the output arrows are unlabelled as they denote the same value. The data flow contains an aggregate value, and each of the components is sent to different places as shown in the following figure. Here, each of the forked components is labelled. Actors are the active objects that interact with the system by either producing data and inputting them to the system, or consuming data produced by the system. In other words, actors serve as the sources and the sinks of data. Representation in DFD: An actor is represented by a rectangle. Actors are connected to the inputs and outputs and lie on the boundary of the DFD. مثال. The following figure shows the actors, namely, Customer and SalesClerk in a counter sales system. Data Stores Data stores are the passive objects that act as a repository of data. Unlike actors, they cannot perform any operations. They are used to store data and retrieve the stored data. They represent a data structure, a disk file, or a table in a database. Representation in DFD . A data store is represented by two parallel lines containing the name of the data store. Each data store is connected to at least one process. Input arrows contain information to modify the contents of the data store, while output arrows contain information retrieved from the data store. When a part of the information is to be retrieved, the output arrow is labelled. An unlabelled arrow denotes full data retrieval. A two-way arrow implies both retrieval and update. مثال. The following figure shows a data store, SalesRecord, that stores the details of all sales. Input to the data store comprises of details of sales such as item, billing amount, date, etc. To find the average sales, the process retrieves the sales records and computes the average. Constraints Constraints specify the conditions or restrictions that need to be satisfied over time. They allow adding new rules or modifying existing ones. Constraints can appear in all the three models of object-oriented analysis. In Object Modelling, the constraints define the relationship between objects. They may also define the relationship between the different values that an object may take at different times. In Dynamic Modelling, the constraints define the relationship between the states and events of different objects. In Functional Modelling, the constraints define the restrictions on the transformations and computations. Representation . A constraint is rendered as a string within braces. مثال. The following figure shows a portion of DFD for computing the salary of employees of a company that has decided to give incentives to all employees of the sales department and increment the salary of all employees of the HR department. It can be seen that the constraint causes incentive to be calculated only if the department is sales and the constraint causes increment to be computed only if the department is HR. Control Flows A process may be associated with a certain Boolean value and is evaluated only if the value is true, though it is not a direct input to the process. These Boolean values are called the control flows. Representation in DFD . Control flows are represented by a dotted arc from the process producing the Boolean value to the process controlled by them. مثال. The following figure represents a DFD for arithmetic division. The Divisor is tested for non-zero. If it is not zero, the control flow OK has a value True and subsequently the Divide process computes the Quotient and the Remainder. Developing the DFD Model of a System In order to develop the DFD model of a system, a hierarchy of DFDs are constructed. The top-level DFD comprises of a single process and the actors interacting with it. At each successive lower level, further details are gradually included. A process is decomposed into sub-processes, the data flows among the sub-processes are identified, the control flows are determined, and the data stores are defined. While decomposing a process, the data flow into or out of the process should match the data flow at the next level of DFD. مثال. Let us consider a software system, Wholesaler Software, that automates the transactions of a wholesale shop. The shop sells in bulks and has a clientele comprising of merchants and retail shop owners. Each customer is asked to register with hisher particulars and is given a unique customer code, CCode. Once a sale is done, the shop registers its details and sends the goods for dispatch. Each year, the shop distributes Christmas gifts to its customers, which comprise of a silver coin or a gold coin depending upon the total sales and the decision of the proprietor. The functional model for the Wholesale Software is given below. The figure below shows the top-level DFD. It shows the software as a single process and the actors that interact with it. The actors in the system are: In the next level DFD, as shown in the following figure, the major processes of the system are identified, the data stores are defined and the interaction of the processes with the actors, and the data stores are established. In the system, three processes can be identified, which are: Register Customers Process Sales Ascertain Gifts The data stores that will be required are: The following figure shows the details of the process Register Customer. There are three processes in it, Verify Details, Generate CCode, and Update Customer Details. When the details of the customer are entered, they are verified. If the data is correct, CCode is generated and the data store Customer Details is updated. The following figure shows the expansion of the process Ascertain Gifts. It has two processes in it, Find Total Sales and Decide Type of Gift Coin. The Find Total Sales process computes the yearly total sales corresponding to each customer and records the data. Taking this record and the decision of the proprietor as inputs, the gift coins are allotted through Decide Type of Gift Coin process. Advantages and Disadvantages of DFD DFDs depict the boundaries of a system and hence are helpful in portraying the relationship between the external objects and the processes within the system. DFDs take a long time to create, which may not be feasible for practical purposes. They help the users to have a knowledge about the system. DFDs do not provide any information about the time-dependent behavior, i. e. they do not specify when the transformations are done. The graphical representation serves as a blueprint for the programmers to develop a system. They do not throw any light on the frequency of computations or the reasons for computations. DFDs provide detailed information about the system processes. The preparation of DFDs is a complex process that needs considerable expertise. Also, it is difficult for a non-technical person to understand. They are used as a part of the system documentation. The method of preparation is subjective and leaves ample scope to be imprecise. Relationship between Object, Dynamic, and Functional Models The Object Model, the Dynamic Model, and the Functional Model are complementary to each other for a complete Object-Oriented Analysis. Object modelling develops the static structure of the software system in terms of objects. Thus it shows the doers of a system. Dynamic Modelling develops the temporal behavior of the objects in response to external events. It shows the sequences of operations performed on the objects. Functional model gives an overview of what the system should do. Functional Model and Object Model The four main parts of a Functional Model in terms of object model are: Process . Processes imply the methods of the objects that need to be implemented. Actors . Actors are the objects in the object model. Data Stores . These are either objects in the object model or attributes of objects. Data Flows . Data flows to or from actors represent operations on or by objects. Data flows to or from data stores represent queries or updates. Functional Model and Dynamic Model The dynamic model states when the operations are performed, while the functional model states how they are performed and which arguments are needed. As actors are active objects, the dynamic model has to specify when it acts. The data stores are passive objects and they only respond to updates and queries therefore the dynamic model need not specify when they act. Object Model and Dynamic Model The dynamic model shows the status of the objects and the operations performed on the occurrences of events and the subsequent changes in states. The state of the object as a result of the changes is shown in the object model. UML Analysis Model The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a graphical language for OOAD that gives a standard way to write a software systems blueprint. It helps to visualize, specify, construct, and document the artifacts of an object-oriented system. It is used to depict the structures and the relationships in a complex system. Brief History It was developed in 1990s as an amalgamation of several techniques, prominently OOAD technique by Grady Booch, OMT (Object Modeling Technique) by James Rumbaugh, and OOSE (Object Oriented Software Engineering) by Ivar Jacobson. UML attempted to standardize semantic models, syntactic notations, and diagrams of OOAD. Systems and Models in UML System . A set of elements organized to achieve certain objectives form a system. Systems are often divided into subsystems and described by a set of models. Model . Model is a simplified, complete, and consistent abstraction of a system, created for better understanding of the system. View . A view is a projection of a systems model from a specific perspective. Conceptual Model of UML The Conceptual Model of UML encompasses three major elements: Basic building blocks Rules Common mechanisms Basic Building Blocks The three building blocks of UML are: There are four kinds of things in UML, namely: Structural Things . These are the nouns of the UML models representing the static elements that may be either physical or conceptual. The structural things are class, interface, collaboration, use case, active class, components, and nodes. Behavioral Things . These are the verbs of the UML models representing the dynamic behavior over time and space. The two types of behavioral things are interaction and state machine. Grouping Things . They comprise the organizational parts of the UML models. There is only one kind of grouping thing, i. e. package. Annotational Things . These are the explanations in the UML models representing the comments applied to describe elements. Relationships are the connection between things. The four types of relationships that can be represented in UML are: Dependency . This is a semantic relationship between two things such that a change in one thing brings a change in the other. The former is the independent thing, while the latter is the dependent thing. Association . This is a structural relationship that represents a group of links having common structure and common behavior. Generalization . This represents a generalizationspecialization relationship in which subclasses inherit structure and behavior from super-classes. تحقيق. This is a semantic relationship between two or more classifiers such that one classifier lays down a contract that the other classifiers ensure to abide by. (c) Diagrams . A diagram is a graphical representation of a system. It comprises of a group of elements generally in the form of a graph. UML includes nine diagrams in all, namely: Class Diagram Object Diagram Use Case Diagram Sequence Diagram Collaboration Diagram State Chart Diagram Activity Diagram Component Diagram Deployment Diagram UML has a number of rules so that the models are semantically self-consistent and related to other models in the system harmoniously. UML has semantic rules for the following: Common Mechanisms UML has four common mechanisms: Specifications Adornments Common Divisions Extensibility Mechanisms Specifications In UML, behind each graphical notation, there is a textual statement denoting the syntax and semantics. These are the specifications. The specifications provide a semantic backplane that contains all the parts of a system and the relationship among the different paths. Adornments Each element in UML has a unique graphical notation. Besides, there are notations to represent the important aspects of an element like name, scope, visibility, etc. Common Divisions Object-oriented systems can be divided in many ways. The two common ways of division are: Division of classes and objects . A class is an abstraction of a group of similar objects. An object is the concrete instance that has actual existence in the system. Division of Interface and Implementation . An interface defines the rules for interaction. Implementation is the concrete realization of the rules defined in the interface. Extensibility Mechanisms UML is an open-ended language. It is possible to extend the capabilities of UML in a controlled manner to suit the requirements of a system. The extensibility mechanisms are: Stereotypes . It extends the vocabulary of the UML, through which new building blocks can be created out of existing ones. Tagged Values . It extends the properties of UML building blocks. Constraints . It extends the semantics of UML building blocks. UML Basic Notations UML defines specific notations for each of the building blocks. A class is represented by a rectangle having three sections: the top section containing the name of the class the middle section containing class attributes the bottom section representing operations of the class The visibility of the attributes and operations can be represented in the following ways: Public . A public member is visible from anywhere in the system. In class diagram, it is prefixed by the symbol . Private . A private member is visible only from within the class. It cannot be accessed from outside the class. A private member is prefixed by the symbol . Protected . A protected member is visible from within the class and from the subclasses inherited from this class, but not from outside. It is prefixed by the symbol . An abstract class has the class name written in italics. مثال. Let us consider the Circle class introduced earlier. The attributes of Circle are x-coord, y-coord, and radius. The operations are findArea(), findCircumference(), and scale(). Let us assume that x-coord and y-coord are private data members, radius is a protected data member, and the member functions are public. The following figure gives the diagrammatic representation of the class. An object is represented as a rectangle with two sections: The top section contains the name of the object with the name of the class or package of which it is an instance of. The name takes the following forms: object-name . class-name. package-name class-name . in case of anonymous objects The bottom section represents the values of the attributes. It takes the form attribute-name value. Sometimes objects are represented using rounded rectangles. مثال. Let us consider an object of the class Circle named c1. We assume that the center of c1 is at (2, 3) and the radius of c1 is 5. The following figure depicts the object. A component is a physical and replaceable part of the system that conforms to and provides the realization of a set of interfaces. It represents the physical packaging of elements like classes and interfaces. Notation . In UML diagrams, a component is represented by a rectangle with tabs as shown in the figure below. Interface is a collection of methods of a class or component. It specifies the set of services that may be provided by the class or component. Notation . Generally, an interface is drawn as a circle together with its name. An interface is almost always attached to the class or component that realizes it. The following figure gives the notation of an interface. A package is an organized group of elements. A package may contain structural things like classes, components, and other packages in it. Notation . Graphically, a package is represented by a tabbed folder. A package is generally drawn with only its name. However it may have additional details about the contents of the package. See the following figures. Relationship The notations for the different types of relationships are as follows: Usually, elements in a relationship play specific roles in the relationship. A role name signifies the behavior of an element participating in a certain context. مثال. The following figures show examples of different relationships between classes. The first figure shows an association between two classes, Department and Employee, wherein a department may have a number of employees working in it. Worker is the role name. The 1 alongside Department and alongside Employee depict that the cardinality ratio is onetomany. The second figure portrays the aggregation relationship, a University is the wholeof many Departments. UML Structured Diagrams UML structural diagrams are categorized as follows: class diagram, object diagram, component diagram, and deployment diagram. Class Diagram A class diagram models the static view of a system. It comprises of the classes, interfaces, and collaborations of a system and the relationships between them. Class Diagram of a System Let us consider a simplified Banking System. A bank has many branches. In each zone, one branch is designated as the zonal head office that supervises the other branches in that zone. Each branch can have multiple accounts and loans. An account may be either a savings account or a current account. A customer may open both a savings account and a current account. However, a customer must not have more than one savings account or current account. A customer may also procure loans from the bank. The following figure shows the corresponding class diagram. Classes in the system: Bank, Branch, Account, Savings Account, Current Account, Loan, and Customer. Relationships: A Bank hasa number of Branches . composition, onetomany A Branch with role Zonal Head Office supervises other Branches . unary association, oneto-many A Branch hasa number of accounts . aggregation, onetomany From the class Account, two classes have inherited, namely, Savings Account and Current Account. A Customer can have one Current Account . association, onetoone A Customer can have one Savings Account . association, onetoone A Branch hasa number of Loans . aggregation, onetomany A Customer can take many loans . association, onetomany Object Diagram An object diagram models a group of objects and their links at a point of time. It shows the instances of the things in a class diagram. Object diagram is the static part of an interaction diagram. مثال. The following figure shows an object diagram of a portion of the class diagram of the Banking System. Component Diagram Component diagrams show the organization and dependencies among a group of components. Component diagrams comprise of: Components Interfaces Relationships Packages and Subsystems (optional) Component diagrams are used for: constructing systems through forward and reverse engineering. modeling configuration management of source code files while developing a system using an object-oriented programming language. representing schemas in modeling databases. modeling behaviors of dynamic systems. The following figure shows a component diagram to model a systems source code that is developed using C. It shows four source code files, namely, myheader. h, otherheader. h, priority. cpp, and other. cpp. Two versions of myheader. h are shown, tracing from the recent version to its ancestor. The file priority. cpp has compilation dependency on other. cpp. The file other. cpp has compilation dependency on otherheader. h. Deployment Diagram A deployment diagram puts emphasis on the configuration of runtime processing nodes and their components that live on them. They are commonly comprised of nodes and dependencies, or associations between the nodes. Deployment diagrams are used to: model devices in embedded systems that typically comprise of software-intensive collection of hardware. represent the topologies of clientserver systems. model fully distributed systems. The following figure shows the topology of a computer system that follows clientserver architecture. The figure illustrates a node stereotyped as server that comprises of processors. The figure indicates that four or more servers are deployed at the system. Connected to the server are the client nodes, where each node represents a terminal device such as workstation, laptop, scanner, or printer. The nodes are represented using icons that clearly depict the real-world equivalent. UML Behavioural Diagrams UML behavioral diagrams visualize, specify, construct, and document the dynamic aspects of a system. The behavioral diagrams are categorized as follows: use case diagrams, interaction diagrams, statechart diagrams, and activity diagrams. Use Case Model (a) Use case A use case describes the sequence of actions a system performs yielding visible results. It shows the interaction of things outside the system with the system itself. Use cases may be applied to the whole system as well as a part of the system. An actor represents the roles that the users of the use cases play. An actor may be a person (e. g. student, customer), a device (e. g. workstation), or another system (e. g. bank, institution). The following figure shows the notations of an actor named Student and a use case called Generate Performance Report. (c) Use case diagrams Use case diagrams present an outside view of the manner the elements in a system behave and how they can be used in the context. Use case diagrams comprise of: Use cases Actors Relationships like dependency, generalization, and association Use case diagrams are used: To model the context of a system by enclosing all the activities of a system within a rectangle and focusing on the actors outside the system by interacting with it. To model the requirements of a system from the outside point of view. Let us consider an Automated Trading House System. We assume the following features of the system: The trading house has transactions with two types of customers, individual customers and corporate customers. Once the customer places an order, it is processed by the sales department and the customer is given the bill. The system allows the manager to manage customer accounts and answer any queries posted by the customer. Interaction Diagrams Interaction diagrams depict interactions of objects and their relationships. They also include the messages passed between them. There are two types of interaction diagrams: Sequence Diagrams Collaboration Diagrams Interaction diagrams are used for modeling: the control flow by time ordering using sequence diagrams. the control flow of organization using collaboration diagrams. Sequence Diagrams Sequence diagrams are interaction diagrams that illustrate the ordering of messages according to time. Notations . These diagrams are in the form of two-dimensional charts. The objects that initiate the interaction are placed on the xaxis. The messages that these objects send and receive are placed along the yaxis, in the order of increasing time from top to bottom. مثال. A sequence diagram for the Automated Trading House System is shown in the following figure. Collaboration Diagrams Collaboration diagrams are interaction diagrams that illustrate the structure of the objects that send and receive messages. Notations . In these diagrams, the objects that participate in the interaction are shown using vertices. The links that connect the objects are used to send and receive messages. The message is shown as a labeled arrow. مثال. Collaboration diagram for the Automated Trading House System is illustrated in the figure below. StateChart Diagrams A statechart diagram shows a state machine that depicts the control flow of an object from one state to another. A state machine portrays the sequences of states which an object undergoes due to events and their responses to events. StateChart Diagrams comprise of: States: Simple or Composite Transitions between states Events causing transitions Actions due to the events State-chart diagrams are used for modeling objects which are reactive in nature. In the Automated Trading House System, let us model Order as an object and trace its sequence. The following figure shows the corresponding statechart diagram. Activity Diagrams An activity diagram depicts the flow of activities which are ongoing non-atomic operations in a state machine. Activities result in actions which are atomic operations. Activity diagrams comprise of: Activity states and action states Transitions Objects Activity diagrams are used for modeling: workflows as viewed by actors, interacting with the system. details of operations or computations using flowcharts. The following figure shows an activity diagram of a portion of the Automated Trading House System. Object Oriented Design After the analysis phase, the conceptual model is developed further into an object-oriented model using object-oriented design (OOD). In OOD, the technology-independent concepts in the analysis model are mapped onto implementing classes, constraints are identified, and interfaces are designed, resulting in a model for the solution domain. In a nutshell, a detailed description is constructed specifying how the system is to be built on concrete technologies The stages for objectoriented design can be identified as: Definition of the context of the system Designing system architecture Identification of the objects in the system Construction of design models Specification of object interfaces Object-Oriented System Design System Design Object-oriented system design involves defining the context of a system followed by designing the architecture of the system. Context . The context of a system has a static and a dynamic part. The static context of the system is designed using a simple block diagram of the whole system which is expanded into a hierarchy of subsystems. The subsystem model is represented by UML packages. The dynamic context describes how the system interacts with its environment. It is modelled using use case diagrams . System Architecture . The system architecture is designed on the basis of the context of the system in accordance with the principles of architectural design as well as domain knowledge. Typically, a system is partitioned into layers and each layer is decomposed to form the subsystems. Object-Oriented Decomposition Decomposition means dividing a large complex system into a hierarchy of smaller components with lesser complexities, on the principles of divideandconquer. Each major component of the system is called a subsystem. Object-oriented decomposition identifies individual autonomous objects in a system and the communication among these objects. The advantages of decomposition are: The individual components are of lesser complexity, and so more understandable and manageable. It enables division of workforce having specialized skills. It allows subsystems to be replaced or modified without affecting other subsystems. Identifying Concurrency Concurrency allows more than one objects to receive events at the same time and more than one activity to be executed simultaneously. Concurrency is identified and represented in the dynamic model. To enable concurrency, each concurrent element is assigned a separate thread of control. If the concurrency is at object level, then two concurrent objects are assigned two different threads of control. If two operations of a single object are concurrent in nature, then that object is split among different threads. Concurrency is associated with the problems of data integrity, deadlock, and starvation. So a clear strategy needs to be made whenever concurrency is required. Besides, concurrency requires to be identified at the design stage itself, and cannot be left for implementation stage. Identifying Patterns While designing applications, some commonly accepted solutions are adopted for some categories of problems. These are the patterns of design. A pattern can be defined as a documented set of building blocks that can be used in certain types of application development problems. Some commonly used design patterns are: Faade pattern Model view separation pattern Observer pattern Model view controller pattern Publish subscribe pattern Proxy pattern Controlling Events During system design, the events that may occur in the objects of the system need to be identified and appropriately dealt with. An event is a specification of a significant occurrence that has a location in time and space. There are four types of events that can be modelled, namely: Signal Event . A named object thrown by one object and caught by another object. Call Event . A synchronous event representing dispatch of an operation. Time Event . An event representing passage of time. Change Event . An event representing change in state. Handling Boundary Conditions The system design phase needs to address the initialization and the termination of the system as a whole as well as each subsystem. The different aspects that are documented are as follows: The startup of the system, i. e. the transition of the system from non-initialized state to steady state. The termination of the system, i. e. the closing of all running threads, cleaning up of resources, and the messages to be sent. The initial configuration of the system and the reconfiguration of the system when needed. Foreseeing failures or undesired termination of the system. Boundary conditions are modelled using boundary use cases. Object Design After the hierarchy of subsystems has been developed, the objects in the system are identified and their details are designed. Here, the designer details out the strategy chosen during the system design. The emphasis shifts from application domain concepts toward computer concepts. The objects identified during analysis are etched out for implementation with an aim to minimize execution time, memory consumption, and overall cost. Object design includes the following phases: Object identification Object representation, i. e. construction of design models Classification of operations Algorithm design Design of relationships Implementation of control for external interactions Package classes and associations into modules Object Identification The first step of object design is object identification. The objects identified in the objectoriented analysis phases are grouped into classes and refined so that they are suitable for actual implementation. The functions of this stage are: Identifying and refining the classes in each subsystem or package Defining the links and associations between the classes Designing the hierarchical associations among the classes, i. e. the generalizationspecialization and inheritances Object Representation Once the classes are identified, they need to be represented using object modelling techniques. This stage essentially involves constructing UML diagrams. There are two types of design models that need to be produced: Static Models . To describe the static structure of a system using class diagrams and object diagrams. Dynamic Models . To describe the dynamic structure of a system and show the interaction between classes using interaction diagrams and statechart diagrams. Classification of Operations In this step, the operation to be performed on objects are defined by combining the three models developed in the OOA phase, namely, object model, dynamic model, and functional model. An operation specifies what is to be done and not how it should be done. The following tasks are performed regarding operations: The state transition diagram of each object in the system is developed. Operations are defined for the events received by the objects. Cases in which one event triggers other events in same or different objects are identified. The suboperations within the actions are identified. The main actions are expanded to data flow diagrams. Algorithm Design The operations in the objects are defined using algorithms. An algorithm is a stepwise procedure that solves the problem laid down in an operation. Algorithms focus on how it is to be done. There may be more than one algorithm corresponding to a given operation. Once the alternative algorithms are identified, the optimal algorithm is selected for the given problem domain. The metrics for choosing the optimal algorithm are: Computational Complexity . Complexity determines the efficiency of an algorithm in terms of computation time and memory requirements. المرونة . Flexibility determines whether the chosen algorithm can be implemented suitably, without loss of appropriateness in various environments. Understandability . This determines whether the chosen algorithm is easy to understand and implement. Design of Relationships The strategy to implement the relationships needs to be chalked out during the object design phase. The main relationships that are addressed comprise of associations, aggregations, and inheritances. The designer should do the following regarding associations: Identify whether an association is unidirectional or bidirectional. Analyze the path of associations and update them if necessary. Implement the associations as a distinct object, in case of manyto-many relationships or as a link to other object in case of oneto-one or oneto-many relationships. Regarding inheritances, the designer should do the following: Adjust the classes and their associations. Identify abstract classes. Make provisions so that behaviors are shared when needed. Implementation of Control The object designer may incorporate refinements in the strategy of the statechart model. In system design, a basic strategy for realizing the dynamic model is made. During object design, this strategy is aptly embellished for appropriate implementation. The approaches for implementation of the dynamic model are: Represent State as a Location within a Program . This is the traditional procedure-driven approach whereby the location of control defines the program state. A finite state machine can be implemented as a program. A transition forms an input statement, the main control path forms the sequence of instructions, the branches form the conditions, and the backward paths form the loops or iterations. State Machine Engine . This approach directly represents a state machine through a state machine engine class. This class executes the state machine through a set of transitions and actions provided by the application. Control as Concurrent Tasks . In this approach, an object is implemented as a task in the programming language or the operating system. Here, an event is implemented as an inter-task call. It preserves inherent concurrency of real objects. Packaging Classes In any large project, meticulous partitioning of an implementation into modules or packages is important. During object design, classes and objects are grouped into packages to enable multiple groups to work cooperatively on a project. The different aspects of packaging are: Hiding Internal Information from Outside View . It allows a class to be viewed as a black box and permits class implementation to be changed without requiring any clients of the class to modify code. Coherence of Elements . An element, such as a class, an operation, or a module, is coherent if it is organized on a consistent plan and all its parts are intrinsically related so that they serve a common goal. Construction of Physical Modules . The following guidelines help while constructing physical modules: Classes in a module should represent similar things or components in the same composite object. Closely connected classes should be in the same module. Unconnected or weakly connected classes should be placed in separate modules. Modules should have good cohesion, i. e. high cooperation among its components. A module should have low coupling with other modules, i. e. interaction or interdependence between modules should be minimum. Design Optimization The analysis model captures the logical information about the system, while the design model adds details to support efficient information access. Before a design is implemented, it should be optimized so as to make the implementation more efficient. The aim of optimization is to minimize the cost in terms of time, space, and other metrics. However, design optimization should not be excess, as ease of implementation, maintainability, and extensibility are also important concerns. It is often seen that a perfectly optimized design is more efficient but less readable and reusable. So the designer must strike a balance between the two. The various things that may be done for design optimization are: Add redundant associations Omit non-usable associations Optimization of algorithms Save derived attributes to avoid re-computation of complex expressions Addition of Redundant Associations During design optimization, it is checked if deriving new associations can reduce access costs. Though these redundant associations may not add any information, they may increase the efficiency of the overall model. Omission of Non-Usable Associations Presence of too many associations may render a system indecipherable and hence reduce the overall efficiency of the system. So, during optimization, all non-usable associations are removed. Optimization of Algorithms In object-oriented systems, optimization of data structure and algorithms are done in a collaborative manner. Once the class design is in place, the operations and the algorithms need to be optimized. Optimization of algorithms is obtained by: Rearrangement of the order of computational tasks Reversal of execution order of loops from that laid down in the functional model Removal of dead paths within the algorithm Saving and Storing of Derived Attributes Derived attributes are those attributes whose values are computed as a function of other attributes (base attributes). Re-computation of the values of derived attributes every time they are needed is a timeconsuming procedure. To avoid this, the values can be computed and stored in their computed forms. However, this may pose update anomalies, i. e. a change in the values of base attributes with no corresponding change in the values of the derived attributes. To avoid this, the following steps are taken: With each update of the base attribute value, the derived attribute is also re-computed. All the derived attributes are re-computed and updated periodically in a group rather than after each update. Design Documentation Documentation is an essential part of any software development process that records the procedure of making the software. The design decisions need to be documented for any nontrivial software system for transmitting the design to others. Usage Areas Though a secondary product, a good documentation is indispensable, particularly in the following areas: In designing software that is being developed by a number of developers In iterative software development strategies In developing subsequent versions of a software project For evaluating a software For finding conditions and areas of testing For maintenance of the software. A beneficial documentation should essentially include the following contents: Highlevel system architecture . Process diagrams and module diagrams Key abstractions and mechanisms . Class diagrams and object diagrams. Scenarios that illustrate the behavior of the main aspects . Behavioural diagrams The features of a good documentation are: Concise and at the same time, unambiguous, consistent, and complete Traceable to the systems requirement specifications Well-structured Diagrammatic instead of descriptive OOAD Implementation Strategies Implementing an object-oriented design generally involves using a standard object oriented programming language (OOPL) or mapping object designs to databases. In most cases, it involves both. Implementation using Programming Languages Usually, the task of transforming an object design into code is a straightforward process. Any object-oriented programming language like C, Java, Smalltalk, C and Python, includes provision for representing classes. In this chapter, we exemplify the concept using C. The following figure shows the representation of the class Circle using C. Implementing Associations Most programming languages do not provide constructs to implement associations directly. So the task of implementing associations needs considerable thought. Associations may be either unidirectional or bidirectional. Besides, each association may be either onetoone, onetomany, or manytomany. Unidirectional Associations For implementing unidirectional associations, care should be taken so that unidirectionality is maintained. The implementations for different multiplicity are as follows: Optional Associations . Here, a link may or may not exist between the participating objects. For example, in the association between Customer and Current Account in the figure below, a customer may or may not have a current account. For implementation, an object of Current Account is included as an attribute in Customer that may be NULL. Implementation using C: Onetoone Associations . Here, one instance of a class is related to exactly one instance of the associated class. For example, Department and Manager have onetoone association as shown in the figure below. This is implemented by including in Department, an object of Manager that should not be NULL. Implementation using C: Onetomany Associations . Here, one instance of a class is related to more than one instances of the associated class. For example, consider the association between Employee and Dependent in the following figure. This is implemented by including a list of Dependents in class Employee. Implementation using C STL list container: Bi-directional Associations To implement bi-directional association, links in both directions require to be maintained. Optional or onetoone Associations . Consider the relationship between Project and Project Manager having onetoone bidirectional association as shown in the figure below. Implementation using C: Onetomany Associations . Consider the relationship between Department and Employee having onetomany association as shown in the figure below. Implementation using C STL list container: Implementing Associations as Classes If an association has some attributes associated, it should be implemented using a separate class. For example, consider the onetoone association between Employee and Project as shown in the figure below. Implementation of WorksOn using C: Implementing Constraints Constraints in classes restrict the range and type of values that the attributes may take. In order to implement constraints, a valid default value is assigned to the attribute when an object is instantiated from the class. Whenever the value is changed at runtime, it is checked whether the value is valid or not. An invalid value may be handled by an exception handling routine or other methods. Consider an Employee class where age is an attribute that may have values in the range of 18 to 60. The following C code incorporates it: Implementing State Charts There are two alternative implementation strategies to implement states in state chart diagrams. Enumerations within Class In this approach, the states are represented by different values of a data member (or set of data members). The values are explicitly defined by an enumeration within the class. The transitions are represented by member functions that change the value of the concerned data member. Arrangement of Classes in a Generalization Hierarchy In this approach, the states are arranged in a generalization hierarchy in a manner that they can be referred by a common pointer variable. The following figure shows a transformation from state chart diagram to a generalization hierarchy. Object Mapping to Database System Persistency of Objects An important aspect of developing object-oriented systems is persistency of data. Through persistency, objects have longer lifespan than the program that created it. Persistent data is saved on secondary storage medium from where it can be reloaded when required. Overview of RDBMS A database is an ordered collection of related data. A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of software that facilitates the processes of defining, creating, storing, manipulating, retrieving, sharing, and removing data in databases. In relational database management systems (RDBMS), data is stored as relations or tables, where each column or field represents an attribute and each row or tuple represents a record of an instance. Each row is uniquely identified by a chosen set of minimal attributes called primary key . A foreign key is an attribute that is the primary key of a related table. Representing Classes as Tables in RDBMS To map a class to a database table, each attribute is represented as a field in the table. Either an existing attribute(s) is assigned as a primary key or a separate ID field is added as a primary key. The class may be partitioned horizontally or vertically as per requirement. For example, the Circle class can be converted to table as shown in the figure below. Mapping Associations to Database Tables OnetoOne Associations To implement 1:1 associations, the primary key of any one table is assigned as the foreign key of the other table. For example, consider the association between Department and Manager: SQL commands to create the tables: OnetoMany Associations To implement 1:N associations, the primary key of the table in the 1-side of the association is assigned as the foreign key of the table at the N-side of the association. For example, consider the association between Department and Employee: SQL commands to create the tables: ManytoMany Associations To implement M:N associations, a new relation is created that represents the association. For example, consider the following association between Employee and Project: Schema for WorksOn Table . WORKSON (EMPID, PID, HOURS, STARTDATE) SQL command to create WorksOn association :CREATE TABLE WORKSON Mapping Inheritance to Tables To map inheritance, the primary key of the base table(s) is assigned as the primary key as well as the foreign key in the derived table(s). OOAD Testing and Quality Assurance Once a program code is written, it must be tested to detect and subsequently handle all errors in it. A number of schemes are used for testing purposes. Another important aspect is the fitness of purpose of a program that ascertains whether the program serves the purpose which it aims for. The fitness defines the software quality. Testing Object-Oriented Systems Testing is a continuous activity during software development. In object-oriented systems, testing encompasses three levels, namely, unit testing, subsystem testing, and system testing. Unit Testing In unit testing, the individual classes are tested. It is seen whether the class attributes are implemented as per design and whether the methods and the interfaces are error-free. Unit testing is the responsibility of the application engineer who implements the structure. Subsystem Testing This involves testing a particular module or a subsystem and is the responsibility of the subsystem lead. It involves testing the associations within the subsystem as well as the interaction of the subsystem with the outside. Subsystem tests can be used as regression tests for each newly released version of the subsystem. System Testing System testing involves testing the system as a whole and is the responsibility of the quality-assurance team. The team often uses system tests as regression tests when assembling new releases. Object-Oriented Testing Techniques Grey Box Testing The different types of test cases that can be designed for testing object-oriented programs are called grey box test cases. Some of the important types of grey box testing are: State model based testing . This encompasses state coverage, state transition coverage, and state transition path coverage. Use case based testing . Each scenario in each use case is tested. Class diagram based testing . Each class, derived class, associations, and aggregations are tested. Sequence diagram based testing . The methods in the messages in the sequence diagrams are tested. Techniques for Subsystem Testing The two main approaches of subsystem testing are: Thread based testing . All classes that are needed to realize a single use case in a subsystem are integrated and tested. Use based testing . The interfaces and services of the modules at each level of hierarchy are tested. Testing starts from the individual classes to the small modules comprising of classes, gradually to larger modules, and finally all the major subsystems. Categories of System Testing Alpha testing . This is carried out by the testing team within the organization that develops software. Beta testing . This is carried out by select group of co-operating customers. Acceptance testing . This is carried out by the customer before accepting the deliverables. Software Quality Assurance Software Quality Schulmeyer and McManus have defined software quality as the fitness for use of the total software product. A good quality software does exactly what it is supposed to do and is interpreted in terms of satisfaction of the requirement specification laid down by the user. Quality Assurance Software quality assurance is a methodology that determines the extent to which a software product is fit for use. The activities that are included for determining software quality are: Auditing Development of standards and guidelines Production of reports Review of quality system Quality Factors Correctness . Correctness determines whether the software requirements are appropriately met. Usability . Usability determines whether the software can be used by different categories of users (beginners, non-technical, and experts). Portability . Portability determines whether the software can operate in different platforms with different hardware devices. Maintainability . Maintainability determines the ease at which errors can be corrected and modules can be updated. Reusability . Reusability determines whether the modules and classes can be reused for developing other software products. Object-Oriented Metrics Metrics can be broadly classified into three categories: project metrics, product metrics, and process metrics. Project Metrics Project Metrics enable a software project manager to assess the status and performance of an ongoing project. The following metrics are appropriate for object-oriented software projects: Number of scenario scripts Number of key classes Number of support classes Number of subsystems Product Metrics Product metrics measure the characteristics of the software product that has been developed. The product metrics suitable for object-oriented systems are: Methods per Class . It determines the complexity of a class. If all the methods of a class are assumed to be equally complex, then a class with more methods is more complex and thus more susceptible to errors. Inheritance Structure . Systems with several small inheritance lattices are more wellstructured than systems with a single large inheritance lattice. As a thumb rule, an inheritance tree should not have more than 7 ( 2) number of levels and the tree should be balanced. Coupling and Cohesion . Modules having low coupling and high cohesion are considered to be better designed, as they permit greater reusability and maintainability. Response for a Class . It measures the efficiency of the methods that are called by the instances of the class. Process Metrics Process metrics help in measuring how a process is performing. They are collected over all projects over long periods of time. They are used as indicators for long-term software process improvements. Some process metrics are: Number of KLOC (Kilo Lines of Code) Defect removal efficiency Average number of failures detected during testing Number of latent defects per KLOCBOARD OF DIRECTORS Ary Khatchikian Founder and Co-Chairman Throughout his 20-year career in financial technology, Ary Khatchikian has been at the forefront of the electronic trading movement. In 1995, Ary founded Indigo Solutions, where he developed and marketed NeuronXT, an order management system (OMS) targeting small and mid-size investment firms. In January 2000, after founding Portware with Eric Goldberg, Ary transformed NeuronXT into Portware Enterprise, the leading multi-asset trade management system on the market today which has won numerous awards worldwide Ary has become a leading voice in the electronic and algorithmic trading community and serves as an advisor to several start-up and existing technology companies. Eric Goldberg Founder and Co-Chairman Whether running a trading desk or launching a financial technology firm, Eric Goldberg has been an active participant on the front lines of electronic trading for over 25 years. Throughout his career, Eric has held a variety of senior level positions at buy-side and sell-side firms, running trading desks specializing in index, portfolio and derivatives trading. Eric also holds significant expertise in system development, architecture and functionality. In January 2000, Eric left trading to form Portware with Ary Khatchikian. Since its inception, Portware has established itself as the leading multi-asset trade management solution in the industry. Eric is an active angel investor in the financial technology sector. ALFRED ESKANDAR Chief Executive Officer, Portware Alfred Eskandar is a proven business leader and technology entrepreneur who has dedicated almost 20 years to introducing new levels of innovation and customer value to the global capital markets community. As CEO of Portware, Eskandar has passionately worked to fundamentally change the trading technology landscape. Appointed CEO in 2012, Eskandar recognized the pervasive need for decision support tools that would help advance a collaborative environment between portfolio managers and traders. Months later he spearheaded the acquisition of the technology assets of Aritas group to create Portware Alpha Vision. In 2013, Eskandar was named to the prestigious Institutional Investor Trading Tech 40, the global ranking of the most prominent innovators and managers in the capital markets, selected based on their accomplishments and contributions at both the company and industry levels. Prior to Portware, Eskandar ran the US trading business for Liquidnet, where he was an executive team member and founding employee. Throughout his tenure he held multiple leadership roles including global head of strategy, directing all strategic initiatives, alliances and investments. He also led the acquisition of Miletus Trading, LLC, a leading quantitative and program trading broker-dealer, serving as president and chief executive officer during its integration. Scott DePetris President and Chief Operating Officer, Portware Scott DePetris is a founding member of Portware, LLC and a proven serial entrepreneur. At Portware, DePetris drives the day-to-day business and works closely with the global client base to ensure Portwares expanding suite of solutions and services continuously meet clients evolving requirements. Prior to Portware, DePetris was the co-founder and senior vice president of ExchangeLab, Inc, an intellectual property development company for financial services technologies. DePetris helped to incubate a number of successful FinTech start-ups and helped orchestrate the sale of ExchangeLabs primary asset, Financial Auction Network, to a consortium of investment banks, which was later launched under Nasdaq as Primex. Earlier in his career, he specialized in equity derivatives at The Goldman Sachs Group, and previously served on the board of directors at Dekania Acquisition Corporation (Amex: DEK. U). DePetris is a board member of the prestigious Young Presidents Organization (YPO) and is an active philanthropist, serving as Chairman of the board of directors at LSA Family Health Service. LONG RIDGE EQUITY PARTNERS Jim co-founded Long Ridge in 2007 and serves as Managing Partner. Prior to founding Long Ridge, Jim was a Senior Partner at TH Lee Putnam Ventures, a 1.1B growth capital firm, where he led the firms financial services investment efforts. Prior to joining THLPV, Jim served as a Senior Vice President of GE Equity where he led investments in financial services, technology, consumer and media companies. Prior to joining GE Equity, Jim worked at Lehman Brothers as a Vice President and at Bain Company as a Consultant. Jim received a B. S. from New York University and an M. B.A. with Honors from the Wharton Business School of the University of Pennsylvania. We are a company of problem solvers. We are driven by taking on challenges and finding solutions others cant imagine. Every day, we wake up with one goal in mind: making the industrys best automated trading systems even better. Our clients are global investment managers, hedge funds and broker dealers, firms who understand the complexities of todays markets and want a trusted partner that has been at the forefront of electronic trading for more than a decade. Alfred Eskandar Chief Executive Officer, Portware Alfred Eskandar is a proven business leader and technology entrepreneur who has dedicated almost 20 years to introducing new levels of innovation and customer value to the global capital markets community. As CEO of Portware, Eskandar has passionately worked to fundamentally change the trading technology landscape. Appointed CEO in 2012, Eskandar recognized the pervasive need for decision support tools that would help advance a collaborative environment between portfolio managers and traders. Months later he spearheaded the acquisition of the technology assets of Aritas group to create Portware Alpha Vision. In 2013, Eskandar was named to the prestigious Institutional Investor Trading Tech 40, the global ranking of the most prominent innovators and managers in the capital markets, selected based on their accomplishments and contributions at both the company and industry levels. Prior to Portware, Eskandar ran the US trading business for Liquidnet, where he was an executive team member and founding employee. Throughout his tenure he held multiple leadership roles including global head of strategy, directing all strategic initiatives, alliances and investments. He also led the acquisition of Miletus Trading, LLC, a leading quantitative and program trading broker-dealer, serving as president and chief executive officer during its integration. Scott DePetris President and Chief Operating Officer, Portware Scott DePetris is a founding member of Portware, LLC and a proven serial entrepreneur. At Portware, DePetris drives the day-to-day business and works closely with the global client base to ensure Portwares expanding suite of solutions and services continuously meet clients evolving requirements. Prior to Portware, DePetris was the co-founder and senior vice president of ExchangeLab, Inc, an intellectual property development company for financial services technologies. DePetris helped to incubate a number of successful FinTech start-ups and helped orchestrate the sale of ExchangeLabs primary asset, Financial Auction Network, to a consortium of investment banks, which was later launched under Nasdaq as Primex. Earlier in his career, he specialized in equity derivatives at The Goldman Sachs Group, and previously served on the board of directors at Dekania Acquisition Corporation (Amex: DEK. U). DePetris is a board member of the prestigious Young Presidents Organization (YPO) and is an active philanthropist, serving as Chairman of the board of directors at LSA Family Health Service. Sarath Chennareddy, Ph. D. Global Head of Engineering, Portware Sarath Chennareddy as Global Head of Engineering at Portware is responsible for all software design and development, quality assurance and delivery of products and solutions to clients. Sarath has more than 20 years of experience in design, development and implementation of a wide range of technology solutions for the investment industry. Sarath is an expert in building customizable trading systems that support the creation and execution of algorithmic trading strategies for global equities, derivatives and foreign exchange. Sarath started with Portware in 2000 and has been intimately involved in nearly all facets of the build-out of its products. Prior to joining Portware, Sarath was at IIT Bombay India, where he received his Ph. D. in engineering. Senior software developer Portware LLC seeks Senior Software Developers for a position in the New York City Area to create software for automated portfolio and algorithmic trading and work with JAVA, SWING, JMS, XML, and JSP. To apply, send resumes to Naleenee Hansraj, 233 Broadway, 24th floor, New York, NY 10279 Senior Software Engineer Implement the given requirements and deliver high quality code with in the agreed timelines Quality Assurance Engineer As a QA Engineer, candidate will be responsible for design execute manualautomated test cases, analyze and report results for various tests performed Database Developer Position: Build Release Engineer Number of openings: 1 Location: Hyderabad Purpose: Be part of a dynamic Database team working with Oracle and moving into Big Data technology. Share responsibility in development of all Database related technologies that make up the Portware Trade Management platform. Position: Senior software developerlead - US Number of openings: 1 Location: New York, NY The leading global algorithmic trading and Execution Management System (EMS) provider seeks Sr. Software developersleads with financial industry specific experience. Our product supports clients both on the buy-side and sell-side along within Equity, FX, Futures and Options Fixed Income asset classes. We are located in New York City. Compensation is commensurate with experience. Key Responsibilities: Provide technical direction for the development, design and systems integration from specification phase through implementation on multiple development projects. Recognizing potential reuse in the organization or in the application by: Observing and understanding the broader system environment Creating the component design Having knowledge of other applications in the organization Subdivide a complex application, during the design phase, into smaller, more manageable pieces Grasp the functions of each component within the application Understand the interactions and dependencies among components Communicate these concepts to developers Requirements: Minimum of 6 years of programming experience in the finance or electronic trading space. Firm understanding of Java 1.6 - 1.8 core APIs, including collections, multi-threading, XML, SWING and middleware technologies. Strong knowledge of financial equity or derivatives products, market data feeds, trade lifecycle and post-trade processing, portfolio management or Order Management Systems. Proven hands-on design and implementation experience in high-volume, high-performance real-time trading systems. Closely work with sales, product management, development, quality assurance and support teams Strong written and verbal communication skills are a must. Education: Bachelors or Masters Degree in Computer Science or other relevant engineering field. Senior Software Engineer Implement the given requirements and deliver high quality code with in the agreed timelines Key (Functional) Responsibilities Deliverables: Deliver high quality. re-usable and maintainable code, perform Unit Integration Testing of assigned tasks with in the agreed timelines Develop enhance core and client systems functionality, including algorithms, plug-in modules, API and GUI Participate in Requirement gatheringclarification sessions Perform Code Reviews and ensure best practices are followed Trouble shooting (incl. profiling) and resolving critical issues in a timely manner Demos and presentations to internal stake holders Collaborate with internal teams (e. g. Quality Assurance) to ensure smooth product delivery Provide L2L3 support as and when required What makes it interesting Creating innovative solutions for complex problems Gain exposure on Electronic Trading in Capital Markets Exposure to intelligent trading platformalgorithms Freedom to come up with own ideas and productize them Working in agile teams EducationQualifications: B. E B. Tech from reputed colleges ExperienceSkill: 4-7 years (core Java ) Mandatory Skills: Core Java Strong analytical, logical and problem-solving skills SQL Behavioral Competencies: Fast learner, Good communicator. Self-motivated Ability to multitask, prioritize work under pressure with tight deadlines Take initiative and responsibility for end to end delivery Preferable Skills: Swing OOAD J2EE Experience in Financial services and FIX protocol Please submit your resume via e-mail to careersportware quoting the above job title. Position: Quality Assurance Engineer Number of openings: 1 Location: Hyderabad As a QA Engineer, candidate will be responsible for design execute manualautomated test cases, analyze and report results for various tests performed Key Responsibilities: Design and develop ManualAutomated test cases that meet the Best practices and the industry standards for easy maintenance and extensibility Responsible for setting up Test Environments Review requirements with stakeholders for consistency and accuracy Issue reporting and tracking Analyze the logs and debug the issues Interfacing with development teams Individual contributor as well as a team player with ability to build strong partner confidence What makes it interesting Work with cross cultural Teams EducationQualifications: B. E B. Tech Tier 1 colleges Experience: 2-4 years of experience in Software Testing preferably in java based Enterprise Applications Mandatory Skills: Understanding of testing process and ability to setup test enviro nment Experience in creating executing functional test cases. Analyzing discrepancies to understand if the issue is with the system or with the test itself Experience in Databases: SQL-Server, Oracle and OS like Linux, Solaris Analytical and problem-solving abilities, with quick adaptation to new technologies, methodologies, and systems. Excellent communication and documentation skills Knowledge on any of the Automation tools Good to have: Knowledge on Capital Markets domain and FIX Protocol Working in Agile Teams is a plus Exposure to any object oriented or scripting language Position: Database Developer Number of openings: 1 Location: Hyderabad Be part of a dynamic Database team working with Oracle and moving into Big Data technology. Share responsibility in development of all Database related technologies that make up the Portware Trade Management platform. Key Responsibilities: Develop applications as per technical design documents. Make quick decisions while troubleshooting issues that arise as project progresses. Provide detailed knowledge to troubleshoot issues related to Portware Database development. Keep up to date with the latest Database technology Functional responsibilities: Core domain knowledge Strong knowledge of core Oracle database development and design Advanced PLSQL Strong Knowledge of Security Master and Portware databases. Shell scripting, ETL and Data Warehousing experience Comfortable with APEX, SQL Loader. What makes it interesting Working in the one of the most interesting financial domains, Automated trading platform Ability to add value to development instead of just following the instructions Direct input to improve the Portware product and company Opportunity to get involved in Big Data technology. EducationQualifications: B. TechM. TechM. C.A Tier 1 College Experience: 2-4 years core Oracle Database development Mandatory Skills: Advanced PLSQL and Database design Exposure to Apex Strong documentation skills Strong Communication skills Ability to work alone Challenge status quo and be proactive in looking for improvements Preferable Skills: Experience in financial services a plus, but other relevant industries will be considered based on project depth. Good to have: Java Perl Java scripting NoSQL and Big Data technology such as Apache Cassandra and Apache Spark. Various server OS flavours (Windows, Linux, Solaris etc) Trade at the intersection of human and artificial intelligence. Millions of dollars at risk. Numerous orders on the blotter. Countless market events. Hundreds of strategies to choose from. One decision. How will it work out It can boggle the mind, so we built Alpha Vision. Its the only predictive analytic tool that selects the best algo for current market conditions and applies it to your trade in real-time. Its not a magic black box its transparent artificial intelligence. You know what goes in, what happens inside and what comes out. Its decision support that learns from you. It frees you to make better, faster decisions and improves performance. And you can use Alpha Vision on its own for commission and performance optimization or run it seamlessly in the award winning EMS8213Portware Enterprise. Portware Enterprise is a fully customizable execution management system designed to act as a central platform for the creation and execution of algorithmic trading strategies for global equities, futures, options and FX. Portware is not affiliated with any broker, giving our clients unconflicted access to the widest range of liquidity providers, broker algorithmic suites and trading destinations worldwide. Portware Enterprise is currently used by more than 100 firms worldwide, including many of the worlds largest and most sophisticated trading firms. On the buy side, Portware is used by leading institutional investment firms, alternative asset managers and quantitative hedge funds. On the sell-side, Portware is used by program, principal and agency traders to automate all aspects of their client order flow. Portware Enterprises open API allows for seamless integration with any third party or proprietary trade workflow applications, including OMSs, tick databases, risk and analytics applications, trade reporting systems and TCA services. Portware can be deployed, monitored and modified from a single, central location. Users can deploy custom rules, libraries and user interfaces, as well as monitor system health and statistics of Portware installations across the enterprise. Clients can install Portware Enterprise onsite, or leverage Portwares global cloud solution for streamlined deployment and ease of access to all global liquidity providers. Unlike legacy ASP trading systems, Portwares cloud-based Enterprise offering delivers the same levels of performance, integration and customization as locally installed Enterprise solutions. Portware offers pre-certified adapters for all commercial market data providers, including Reuters, Bloomberg, Activ, IDC, Wombat, etc. The system can also integrate with any custom or proprietary feed. Portware supports both single and multi-user configurations for basket, order and position sharing. Portware Strategy Server is a powerful algorithmic engine designed specifically for high volume, high-frequency automated order management. Strategy Server allows users to create complex trading strategies and algorithms in a dedicated, highly secure trading environment. It can be used independently as a stand-alone, black box trading solution, or in tandem with Portware Enterprise to address specific algorithmic development and trading requirements. In either case, Strategy Server can process a massive number of orders and their associated message traffic, routing orders to any global market destination via integrated, pre-certified FIX connections. There are numerous event processing engines on the market today that promise real-time data analysis in one form or another. Yet while the results of various messages-per-second bake-off analyses make for interesting academic discussion, none of these engines offer the full trading solution that Strategy Server delivers. Indeed, beyond basic event processing, these engines offer little else. Portware Strategy Server, on the other hand, combines hyper-fast CEP with the complete set of trading-specific functionality. Portware Strategy Server provides out of the box, pre-certified connections to over 500 global market destinations, including brokers, algorithmic strategies, ATSs, exchanges, and ECNs. Whether you trade Equities, Foreign Exchange, Futures or Options, Strategy Server provides a comprehensive, fully integrated solution for all your routing needs. Strategy Servers flexible, open architecture allows a firm to easily deploy, run and back test custom algorithmic strategies. Users can take advantage of Strategy Servers API to implement advanced, proprietary algorithms for multiple assets, either independently or as part of complex multi-asset trading strategies. And because Strategy Server operates as a separate trading environment, users can update algorithms in Strategy Server on the fly without compromising the stability of their overall trading system. When used in conjunction with client workstations such as those deployed as part of a Portware Enterprise installation, users can route orders from their desktops directly to proprietary and third-party algorithms deployed in Strategy Server. Unlike other basic CEPs, Portware Strategy Server offers full state and position management. Why is this important Portware maintains a complete view of the lifecycle of a particular trade. Is it a single ticket entry Is it a child order, a small part of a larger order that might itself be part of a larger basket level strategy Has the order been accepted If so, is it subject to cancelreplace Was there already a partial fill that would affect ones position How is such a situation handled All of these issues can affect how an order should be handled. Furthermore, the messaging logic that brokers and other market centers use to convey this execution information is far from consistent. As such, users of basic CEPs would have to spend a tremendous amount of time and energy ensuring that their system can handle and normalize these various messaging protocols. With Portware, however, state and position management is an integrated component of Strategy Server. Strategy Server can be easily integrated with any market data feed. Unlike the raft of processing engines on the market, Portware Strategy Server comes equipped with pre-built, robust market data handlers. In addition, the product supports full load balancing of multiple feeds as well as development, customization and normalization of propriety feeds which can be combined with 3rd-party feeds and segmented per asset-class or any other parameter. Strategy Server users can also employ Portwares back-testing suite, which can play back years of historical market data, facilitating an algorithmic development process in which users can move efficiently from testing to production. Additionally, a customizable simulator allows clients to develop their own proprietary test cases. Portware FX provides traders with a real-time view of the entire FX marketplace through a single, fully customizable front end trading environment. This is coupled with next generation algorithmic strategies, powerful analytics and end-to-end workflow integration, providing users with a compelling and complete FX trading solution. Portware FX aggregates liquidity from all dealer banks and ECNs and presents it in a single depth-of-book for both point-and-click and algorithmic execution. Portwares disclosed pricing model enables clients to leverage their credit and relationships for optimal pricing and size when trading with brokers, while our comprehensive ECN aggregation provides clients with streamlined access to all alternative trading venues. With support for streaming executions, RFQs, integrated broker algorithms and an embedded suite of Portware strategies that can be customized to address users specific trading objectives, Portware FX gives clients unparalleled control over their order flow. Portware FX has been deployed by leading hedge funds, CTAs, traditional asset managers, pension funds and brokers dealers globally. All Portware FX clients benefit from the systems flexible user interface, open architecture and ease of integration into existing trade workflows. Portware FX offers traders an embedded suite of customizable execution strategies that can help firms increase trading efficiencies, automate workflows and improve execution quality, all while maintaining relationships with their global liquidity providers. In addition, Portware provides integrated access to a wide range of algorithmic strategies from third party providers, including all leading FX dealer banks. Firms wishing to run their own trading strategies can easily develop, back test and deploy proprietary algorithms directly in Portware FX, or use Strategy Server in conjunction with our liquidity aggregation engine for ultra-low latency algorithmic order execution. All Portware FX clients have access to FX Liquidity Monitor (FXLM), Portwares TCA and post-trade reporting toolset that gives traders greater visibility into their trading performance. Users can benchmark their performance against an array of data points and compare execution quality and pricing across all liquidity providers, either in real-time or via comprehensive month end reporting. Portware FX supports spot, forwards, swaps, and NDFs. Clients can execute versus streaming prices, leverage request for quote (RFQ) and request for stream (RFS) order types, use one of Portwares embedded algorithmic strategies, or engage an algorithm from one of our broker partners. Portware FX integrates seamlessly with all order management systems (OMSs), as well as all downstream trade reporting and reconciliation systems such as Traiana and Logiscope. The system supports all internal compliance rules and restricted broker lists, bringing at-trade risk management to the front office. Clients can deploy Portware on site or leverage Portwares global cloud solution for reduced operational overhead, streamlined deployment and ease of access to all liquidity providers. In todays competitive global trading environment, asset managers need to maximize execution performance and increase trading efficiencies, all while maintaining relationships with brokers and optimizing commission budgets. Alpha Vision is the first and only algorithmic optimization solution that uses predictive analytics to automatically select and implement the optimal execution strategy. By dynamically switching between algorithms and adjusting to changing market conditions in real time, Alpha Vision maximizes alpha capture while minimizing impact costs, adverse selection, information leakage and the impact of high frequency trading. Alpha Visions patented predictive analytics and algorithmic optimization technology acts as a dynamic feedback loop for traders. The system automates the entire process of analyzing orders, monitoring market conditions, selecting the appropriate algorithmic strategy and implementing the optimal execution schedule all in real time. The result is consistent improvements in execution quality across all order types. And by dynamically switching between algorithms, Alpha Vision virtually eliminates information leakage about large orders, protecting firms from the impact of high frequency trading (HFT). As the leading provider of broker neutral trade automation solutions, Portware works with all industry participants to create solutions that enable and transform the way institutions analyze, communicate and execute investment ideas. Portware is making Alpha Vision available to all firms in partnership with the entire brokerage community. This innovative sponsored execution model will allow institutions to achieve superior execution performance while directing flow to any of their broker partners. Brokers will receive full credit for volumes and commissions, preserving and enhancing client relationships. Alpha Vision automates the entire trade lifecycle, allowing you to scale your trading operations and reduce workflow inefficiencies. Your brokers, your workflow. Automated. PORTWARE NEWS New enhancements focus on alpha capture, A. I.-driven analytics, and regulatory compliance tools New York, Nov. 29 2016 Portware, a FactSet Company and a leading global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence (AI), today announced upgrades to its award-winning execution management system (EMS), Portware Enterprise. Portware Enterprise is a fully customizable thinking EMS designed to act as the central platform for the creation and execution of trading strategies for global equities, futures, options, fixed income, and FX. The latest version, Portware Enterprise 6.4, focuses on assisting traders in managing the regulatory and administrative burdens while freeing up their time to concentrate on preserving alpha with state-of-the-art, AI-driven tools. Portware Enterprise 6.4 offers users data warehouse functionality, advanced venue analysis, and an enhanced ability to record and analyze growing volumes of execution and Indication of Interest (IOI) data. The addition of on-demand, customizable reporting functionality will help clients meet growing regulatory requirements, while upgrades to Portwares user interface offer greater customization. Now traders can tailor even more of their individual workspaces to their evolving requirements, on demand, via new Undock Any functionality. Enterprise 6.4 users can now also launch FactSet reports with a single click from inside the Portware user interface, with reports opening directly in the FactSet workstation. Further upgrades to Portwares Wave Optimizer help portfolio managers and traders best determine how and where to route and execute their orders. At the same time, the underpinnings of Portwares unique Alpha Pro artificial intelligence agent have been expanded such that every order on a traders blotter can now benefit from advanced analytics and strategy suggestionswithout first-party data having to leave the firm. Traders today are inundated with data. When a fundamental challenge is merely sifting through the noise to find a signal, traders need smarter tools that can help them analyze market conditions and execute the best trading strategy for a particular order at any given timewhile simultaneously meeting their regulatory obligations, said Alfred Eskandar, CEO of Portware. An EMS should not just be a staging and order routing toolit needs to add measurable value. Portware Enterprise 6.4 gives our clients much needed tools to improve their most complex global trading strategies. With our expanding FactSet integration we can offer a more robust trading solution and deliver on our joint commitment to provide the investment community with state-of-the-art analytic and execution applications across the portfolio lifecycle. Market volatility and dynamic regional compliance initiatives are placing greater pressure on buy-side firms as they look to reduce technology complexity, cut costs and manage increasingly complicated workflows. New best execution requirements and pending regulatory mandates like MiFID II will force firms to demonstrate they can effectively store, analyze and report on their execution data, said Richard Johnson, VP, Market Structure and Technology, at Greenwich Associates. Firms will need to ensure they have access to advanced execution systems that can customize strategies and offer superior analytics necessary to deliver venue analysis and customized reporting. About Portware: Portware, a FactSet company, is the first and only global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence. Portwares thinking EMS helps automate and streamline the buy sides most complex trading workflows. Spanning more than three dozen offices in 15 countries together with FactSet, Portware works in partnership with its clients to create highly customizable, automated solutions to create bespoke workflows, increase operational efficiencies and more closely align portfolio strategy with trade execution worldwide. Part of FactSet Research Systems Inc. (NYSE NASDAQ:FDS), Portwares award-winning trade automation solutions are redefining the electronic trading landscape by empowering traders and portfolio managers to maximize liquidity access, minimize information leakage, and enhance trade execution quality consistently to outperform in todays complex global markets. Media Contact: Amy C. Bowman FactSet Research Systems Inc. Email: abowmanfactset Phone: 1 (203) 810 2144 Premier sovereign wealth fund deploys smart automation for global trading operations New York, Singapore June 29, 2016 Portware, a FactSet company and a leading global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence, today announced that GIC, Singapores sovereign wealth fund, has selected Portware Enterprise as its global execution management system (EMS). GIC considers the integration of advanced analytics and leading edge technology critical to its commitment to best execution, and this philosophy was a driving factor in the selection. About Portware: Founded in 2000, Portware is the financial industrys leading developer of broker-neutral trading solutions for global equities, futures, options, and FX. With offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, and Hyderabad, Portware works in partnership with its clients to create highly integrated solutions to streamline workflows and increase operational efficiencies on trading desks worldwide. Portwares flagship product, Portware Enterprise, is a fully customizable trade management and execution system for single stock, portfolio, basket, automated and algorithmic trading. For more information, please visit portware . Media Contact: Amy C. Bowman FactSet Research Systems Inc. Email: abowmanfactset Phone: 1 (203) 810 2144 To stand out in a crowd of trading-software competitors, a company needs technology and innovation as table stakes. Portware had that in early 2012 -- the New York-based company was 12 years old, and investment firms were running an aggregate 3 trillion in assets on its execution management systems. But growth had slowed, and Portwares board, in search of new energy and ideas, hired Alfred Eskandar, a member of the founding team of buy-side trading platform Liquidnet, as CEO. Today, Portwares managed-assets total is 10 trillion, payback on product initiatives like Alpha Vision, which introduced real-time predictive analytics to the process of optimizing execution strategy. Portwares transformation may have only just begun, because it was acquired by financial information company FactSet Research Systems in October for 265 million in cash. Portware, a FactSet company and the first and only global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence, today announced that Wall Street Letter recognized Portware for the fourth year in a row with the prestigious WSL Institutional Trading Award for Best FX Trading Platform. Evaluated by a panel of independent judges, the WSL Awards recognize brokerage firms, exchanges, and financial technology companies for achievements and innovation in the institutional trading industry over the last year. Portware received the Best FX Trading Platform award based on its proven innovation, demonstrated client satisfaction, and positive impact on the market. Portware FX provides traders with a real-time view of the entire FX marketplace through a single, fully customizable front end trading environment. The comprehensive FX trading solution aggregates liquidity from all global providers including banks, ECNs and interdealer platforms to streamline complex workflows and give traders maximum choice with respect to trading strategies and order routing destinations. Portwares customizable algorithmic strategies, powerful analytics, and end-to-end workflow integration give users a compelling and complete FX trading solution that brings new efficiencies to FX trading. Portware continues to enhance our FX platform to give our clients the performance, customization, and workflow integration they need to drive their complex FX trading strategies, and we are honored that Wall Street Letter has again recognized our commitment to innovation and ongoing growth, said Alfred Eskandar, CEO of Portware. Its this proven dedication to excellent client service and engagement that has fueled the success in our global FX business. About Portware Founded in 2000, Portware LLC is the financial industrys leading developer of broker-neutral trading solutions for global equities, futures, options and FX. With offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, and Hyderabad, Portware works in partnership with its clients to create highly integrated solutions to streamline workflows and increase operational efficiencies on trading desks worldwide. Portwares flagship product, Portware Enterprise, is a fully customizable trade management and execution system for single stock, portfolio, basket, automated and algorithmic trading. For more information, please visit portware . About FactSet FactSet is a leading provider of integrated financial information and analytical applications. More than 63,000 users stay ahead of global market trends, access extensive company and industry intelligence, and monitor performance with FactSets desktop analytics, mobile applications, and comprehensive data feeds. The Company has been included in FORTUNEs Top 100 Best Companies to Work For, the United Kingdoms Great Places to Work, and Frances Best Workplaces. FactSet is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (NYSE:FDSNASDAQ:FDS). Learn more at factset. and follow FactSet on Twitter: twitterfactset New York, February 26, 2016Portware, a FactSet company and the first and only global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence, today announced that Markets Media has recognized Portware and FactSet Research Systems Inc. (NYSE: FDS NASDAQ: FDS), with the Markets Choice Award for Best MampA Deal. First announced on September 22, 2015, the transaction enables FactSet to support client workflows in additional segments of the investment process. Portware is an award-winning, multi-asset execution management system (EMS) that is trusted by the worlds largest asset managers. Together, FactSet and Portware provide the investment community with state-of-the-art analytic and execution applications across the portfolio lifecycle, from analyst to portfolio manager to trader. The winners of the 2016 Markets Choice Awards were selected by Markets Medias advisory board and recommendations from market participants and readers. The Markets Choice Awards select the best of the best among sell-side desks, institutional buy-side investors, technology providers, hedge funds and exchanges. FactSet and Portware share a commitment to delivering exceptional client experience and continuous innovation, and we knew our similar approaches would provide measurable value to our clients, said Alfred Eskandar, CEO, Portware. We are excited and humbled that the industry has recognized the significance this transaction holds for the global investment community. About FactSet FactSet, a leading provider of financial information and analytics, helps the worlds best investment professionals outperform. More than 62,000 users stay ahead of global market trends, access extensive company and industry intelligence, and monitor performance with FactSets desktop analytics, mobile applications, and comprehensive data feeds. FactSet has been included in FORTUNEs Top 100 Best Companies to Work For, the United Kingdoms Great Places to Work and Frances Best Workplaces. FactSet is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (NYSE: FDS NASDAQ: FDS). Learn more at factset. and follow on Twitter: twitterfactset . About Portware Founded in 2000, Portware LLC is the financial industrys leading developer of broker-neutral trading solutions for global equities, futures, options and FX. With offices in New York, London, Hong Kong and Hyderabad, Portware works in partnership with its clients to create highly integrated solutions to streamline workflows and increase operational efficiencies on trading desks worldwide. Portwares flagship product, Portware Enterprise, is a fully customizable trade management and execution system for single stock, portfolio, basket, automated and algorithmic trading. For more information, please visit portware New YorkHong KongLondon, November 9, 2015 Portware, a FactSet company and the first and only global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence, today announced it has been named the Best Buy-side execution management system (EMS) in the 2015 Buy Side Technology Awards. The win marks the third year Portware has been recognized for its market-defining flagship product, Portware Enterprise. According to Buy Side Technology, the best buy-side EMS award recognizes the platform that features multi-brokerexchange connectivity, pre-trade transaction cost analysis (TCA), algorithmic trading tools and direct market access (DMA), and strong integration capabilities with order management systems (OMSs). Judged by an experienced panel of journalists, independent analysts, and industry experts, the award recognizes Portware as the only multi-asset EMS to combine smart trade automation and execution to bolster the buy sides most complex workflows and optimize alpha. Portwares fully customizable, ultra-fast, and open real-time EMS serves as a central platform to communicate, analyze, and execute investment ideas to make the most informed decisions across asset classes in the shortest time. The win caps another impressive year for Portware, including an expanded global footprint across the Americas, EMEA, and APAC and new client acquisition that sees Portware servicing clients managing over 9 trillion collectively in assets. Portware is now supported by FactSet Research Systems Inc. (NYSE NASDAQ: FDS), which acquired Portware for 265 million. FactSets superior financial research, insights, and analytics, together with Portwares award-winning multi-asset trading technology will allow investment professionals worldwide to receive the most comprehensive investment solutions across the entire trade lifecycle. Portwares highly customizable EMS will continue to provide powerful trade analysis and automation with deeper integration of FactSet data to more closely align portfolio strategy with trade execution. Portwares continued industry recognition is a testament to our clients and their continued support and collaboration as we drive our vision for a new kind of truly multi-asset, smart trading platform, said Alfred Eskandar, CEO, Portware. Global buy-sides are faced with increasingly complex business and trading challenges, and we are honored that they continue to turn to Portware as a trusted partner and recognize our commitment to constantly innovating to give our clients the custom solutions they need. Contact: Rachel Stern FactSet Research Systems Inc. 203.810.1000 New York, November 6, 2015 Portware, a FactSet company and the first and only global provider of multi-asset trade automation solutions powered by artificial intelligence, today announced that Global Finance has included Portware in its first annual list of forex leaders, The Innovators 2015 Foreign Exchange. Portware was selected for its proven innovation, rapid growth in FX business, and comprehensive FX trading solutions. The list is compiled by members of the Global Finance editorial board to provide recognition to outstanding members of the foreign exchange space who have implemented breakthrough products and improved services to transform FX strategy and mitigate risk. Today, asset managers face increasing challenges in navigating the evolving FX market and regulatory requirements. Portware has made significant investment in technology and resources to help asset managers manage complex, multi-asset workflows across the trade lifecycle. Portware FX provides traders with a real-time view of the entire FX marketplace through a single, fully customizable front-end trading environment. The comprehensive FX trading solution aggregates liquidity from all global providers including banks, ECNs, and interdealer platforms to streamline complex workflows and give traders maximum choice with respect to trading strategies and order routing destinations. Portwares customizable algorithmic strategies, powerful analytics, and end-to-end workflow integration give users a compelling and complete FX trading solution that brings new efficiencies to FX trading. Were honored by this recognition from Global Finance, which validates our contribution and dedication to our clients in the evolving FX marketplace, said Alfred Eskandar, CEO, Portware. As a leading multi-asset execution management provider to global asset managers, we continue our commitment to innovation with a truly customizable and intelligent platform for smart automation. Contact: Rachel Stern FactSet Research Systems Inc. 203.810.1000 FactSet Completes Acquisition of Portware, Execution Management System (EMS) Provider, and Updates First Quarter Fiscal 2016 Guidance NORWALK, Conn. October 16, 2015 FactSet Research Systems Inc. (NYSE: FDS) (NASDAQ: FDS), a leading provider of integrated financial information and analytical applications to the global investment community, today announced that following regulatory approval, it has completed its acquisition of all the issued and outstanding membership interests of Portware, LLC. FactSet funded the acquisition by borrowing 265 million under its existing revolving credit facility today. Portware Acquisition First announced on September 22, 2015, the transaction enables FactSet to support client workflows in additional segments of the investment process. Portware is an award-winning, multi-asset execution management system (EMS) that is trusted by the worlds largest asset managers. Together, FactSet and Portware expect to provide the investment community with state-of-the-art analytic and execution applications across more of the portfolio lifecycle, from analyst to portfolio manager to trader. We are excited to bring Portware into the FactSet family and we are confident that our clients will benefit from the proven innovation and talented leadership behind our combined efforts, said Phil Snow, CEO of FactSet. Alfred Eskandar, CEO of Portware, added, We are thrilled to provide FactSets clients with our multi-asset EMS that will deliver smart automation and streamlined workflows to address their global trading needs. The worlds top-performing financial professionals rely on FactSets financial research, insights, and analytics. Portware embeds its solutions into each clients trading ecosystem, emphasizing the automation of simpler trade executions and enabling traders to focus on adding more value to their most complex trades. FactSet and Portware plan to provide more powerful tools and services to align a firms portfolio strategy more closely with its trade execution. Updated Business Outlook for the First Quarter of Fiscal 2016 The following forward-looking statements reflect FactSets expectations as of todays date. Given the number of risk factors, uncertainties and assumptions discussed below, actual results may differ materially. FactSet does not intend to update its forward-looking statements until its next quarterly results announcement, other than in publicly available statements. First Quarter Fiscal 2016 Expectations (the expectations below include the results from the acquisition of Portware) Revenues are expected to range between 270 million and 274 million. Operating margin is expected to range between 32.0 and 33.0. The annual effective tax rate is expected to range between 31.0 and 32.0, and assumes the U. S. Federal RampD tax credit will not be re-enacted by the end of the first quarter of fiscal 2016. GAAP diluted EPS should range between 1.44 and 1.46. Transaction fees of approximately 1 million related to the Portware acquisition have been excluded from this GAAP diluted EPS range. The lapse in the U. S. Federal RampD tax credit on December 31, 2014, reduced each end of the GAAP diluted EPS range by 0.02 compared to the recently completed fourth quarter. If the U. S. Federal RampD tax credit is re-enacted by November 30, 2015, diluted EPS would range between 1.49 and 1.51. FactSet would also recognize an income tax benefit of 0.14 per share if the RampD tax credit could be retroactively applied to previous periods. About FactSet FactSet, a leading provider of financial information and analytics, helps the worlds best investment professionals outperform. More than 62,000 users stay ahead of global market trends, access extensive company and industry intelligence, and monitor performance with FactSets desktop analytics, mobile applications, and comprehensive data feeds. The Company has been included in FORTUNEs Top 100 Best Companies to Work For, the United Kingdoms Great Places to Work and Frances Best Workplaces. FactSet is listed on the New York Stock Exchange and NASDAQ (NYSE:FDS) (NASDAQ:FDS). Learn more at factset. and follow us on Twitter: twitterfactset . About Portware Founded in 2000, Portware, LLC is the financial industrys leading developer of broker-neutral, automated trading solutions for global equities, futures, options and FX. With offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, and Hyderabad, Portware works in partnership with its clients to create highly integrated solutions to streamline workflow and increase operational efficiencies on trading desks worldwide. Portwares flagship product, Portware Enterprise, is a fully customizable trade management and execution system for single stock, portfolio, basket, automated and algorithmic trading. For more information, please visit portware . Forward-looking Statements This news release contains forward-looking statements based on managements current expectations, estimates and projections. All statements that address expectations or projections about the future, including statements about the Companys strategy for growth, product development, market position, subscriptions, expected expenditures and financial results are forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words like expects, anticipates, plans, intends, projects, should, indicates, continues, subscriptions and similar expressions. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve a number of risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Many factors, including those discussed more fully elsewhere in this release and in FactSets filings with the Securities and Exchange Commission, particularly its latest annual report on Form 10-K and quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, as well as others, could cause results to differ materially from those stated. These factors include, but are not limited to: the current status of the global economy the ability to integrate newly acquired companies and businesses the stability of global securities markets the ability to hire qualified personnel the maintenance of the Companys leading technological position the impact of global market trends on the Companys revenue growth rate and future results of operations the negotiation of contract terms with corporate vendors, data suppliers and potential landlords the retention of key clients the successful resolution of ongoing audits by tax authorities the continued employment of key personnel the absence of U. S. or foreign governmental regulation restricting international business and the sustainability of historical levels of profitability and growth rates in cash flow generation. CONTACT: Rachel Stern 203.810.1000 FactSet Research Systems Inc. a leading provider of integrated financial information and analytical applications to the global investment community, has agreed to acquire Portware, LLC. Following regulatory review, the transaction is expected to close before the end of FactSets first fiscal quarter. - See more at: factsetnews20150922070000The H-1B visa program was created in 1990 to allow companies to bring skilled technical workers into the USA. It8217s a non-immigrant visa and so has nothing at all to do with staying in the USA, becoming a citizen, or starting a business. Big tech employers are constantly lobbying for increases in H-1B quotas citing their inability to find qualified U. S. job applicants. Bill Gates and other leaders from the IT industry have testified about this before Congress. Both major political parties embrace the H-1B program with varying levels of enthusiasm. But Bill Gates is wrong. What he said to Congress may have been right for Microsoft but was wrong for America and can only lead to lower wages, lower employment, and a lower standard of living. This is a bigger deal than people understand: its the rebirth of industrial labor relations circa 1920. Our ignorance about the H-1B visa program is being used to unfairly limit wages and steal 8212 yes, steal 8212 jobs from U. S. citizens. There are a number of common misunderstandings about the H-1B program, the first of which is its size. H-1B quotas are set by Congress and vary from 65,000 to 190,000 per year. While that would seem to limit the impact of the program on a nation of 300 million, H-1B is way bigger than you think because each visa lasts for three years and can be extended for another three years after that. At any moment, then, there are about 700,000 H-1B visa holders working in the USA. Most of these H-1B visa holders work in Information Technology (IT) and most of those come from India. There are about 500,000 IT workers in the USA holding H-1B visas. According to the U. S. Census Bureau, there are about 2.5 million IT workers in America. So approximately 20 percent of the domestic IT workforce isnt domestic at all, but imported on H-1B visas. Keep this in mind as we move forward. H-1B is a non-immigrant visa. H-1B holders can work here for 3-6 years but then have to return to their native countries. Its possible for H-1Bs to convert to a different kind of visa but not commonly done. The most common way, in fact, for converting an H-1B visa into a green card is through marriage to a U. S. citizen. H-1B isnt the only way for foreigners to work in America. They can work to some extent on student visas and, in fact, many student visas are eventually converted to H-1B for those who have a job and want to stay but maybe not immigrate. There is a misconception about the H-1B program that it was designed to allow companies to import workers with unique talents. There has long been a visa program for exactly that purpose. The O (for outstanding ) visa program is for importing geniuses and nothing else. Interestingly enough, the O visa program has no quotas . So when Bill Gates complained about not being able to import enough top technical people for Microsoft, he wasnt talking about geniuses, just normal coders. I dont want to pick on just Microsoft here, but I happen to know the company well and have written over the years about its technical recruiting procedures. Microsoft has a rigorous recruitment and vetting process. So does Google, Apple 8212 you name the company. All of these companies will take as many of O visa candidates as they can get, but there just arent that many who qualify, which is why quotas arent required. So when Microsoft 8212 or Boeing, for that matter 8212 says a limitation on H-1B visas is keeping them from getting top talent, they dont mean it in the way that they imply. If a prospective employee is really top talent 8212 the kind of engineer who can truly do things others simply cant 8212 there isnt much keeping the company from hiring that person under the O visa program. H-1B visas are about journeyman techies and nothing else. Companies can also transfer employees into the country who have worked for at least a year for the company overseas under an L-1 visa. These, too, are limited by quota and the quota is typically lower than for H-1Bs. Back in the late 1980s when the H-1B program was first being considered it was viewed as a preferable short term alternative to L-1. It has since turned into something else far darker. So has the B visa, which is intended for companies to bring their foreign employees into the U. S. for business meetings and trade shows. Youd be amazed how many such business meetings and trade shows last 30 days as companies use B visas to enable foreign employees to work awhile in the U. S. I8217m told that IBM sometimes platoons workers on B visas, sending them to places like Mexico for a short time then bringing them back across the border for another stint. Tourist visas are also commonly abused even though they specifically prohibit work. The more interesting question here isnt which multinational corporations consistently abuse B and tourist visas but which ones dont, it is so common. A key argument for H-1B has always been that theres a shortage of technical talent in U. S. IT. This has been taken as a given by both major political parties. But its wrong. Here are six rigorous studies (1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6 ) that show there is no shortage of STEM workers in the U. S. nor the likelihood of such a shortage in years to come. You may recall a recent column here where the IT community in Memphis, TN proved there was no labor shortage in that technology hotbed. The whole labor shortage argument is total hogwash. Yes, there is a labor shortage at substandard wages . Can all of this be just about money Yes. The rules for H-1B visas state that they must be for technical positions for which there is no comparable U. S. citizen available and the position must pay the prevailing wage or higher. Its this definition of prevailing wage where we next see signs of H-1B abuse by employers. The intent of the original law was for companies not to use H-1B workers simply to save money. In the enabling legislation from 1990, however, there are two different definitions of the term 8220prevailing wage.8221 The first is quite strict while the second, which is used by self-certifying employers to set actual pay scales, has plenty of wiggle room. Warning, dense reading ahead Here is the initial definition of prevailing wage in 8 USC 1182(n)(1)A) (i) is offering and will offer during the period of authorized employment to aliens admitted or provided status as an H1B nonimmigrant wages that are at least (ii) the actual wage level paid by the employer to all other individuals with similar experience and qualifications for the specific employment in question, or (iii) the prevailing wage level for the occupational classification in the area of employment, And here is the redefinition of prevailing wage8221 in 8 USC 1182(p)(4): (4) Where the Secretary of Labor uses, or makes available to employers, a governmental survey to determine the prevailing wage, such survey shall provide at least 4 levels of wages commensurate with experience, education, and the level of supervision. Where an existing government survey has only 2 levels, 2 intermediate levels may be created by dividing by 3, the difference between the 2 levels offered, adding the quotient thus obtained to the first level and subtracting that quotient from the second level. Note that section (p) requires that the Department of Labor set up four prevailing wage levels based upon skill but section (n) only requires a prevailing wage for occupation and location. There is no statutory requirement that the employer pick the skill level that matches the employee. دعونا نرى هذا في العمل. According to Bureau of Labor Statistics data, the mean wage for a programmer in Charlotte, NC is 73,965. But the level 1 prevailing wage is 50,170. Most prevailing wage claims on H-1B applications use the level 1 wage driving down the cost of labor in this instance by nearly a third. If you were casually reading the statutes, by the way, you would never see this redefinition. That8217s because section (p) does not refer to H-1B but rather to section (n) which is referenced by 8 USC 1101(a)(15)(H)(i)(b). But wait theres more Its not hard to suppose from this information that an influx of H-1B workers representing an average 20 percent of the local technical work force (those 500,000 H-1Bs against a 2.5 million body labor pool) would push down local wages. Theres plenty of anecdotal evidence that it does, too, but most of the more rigorous academic studies dont show this because there is no easily available data. What data is available comes from the initial employer applications for H-1B slots These Labor Condition Applications, called LCAs, include employer estimates of prevailing wages. Because there are always more H-1B applications than there are H-1B visas granted, every employer seeking an H-1B may file 3-5 LCAs per slot, each of which can use a different prevailing wage. But when the visa application is approved, it is my understanding that sponsoring companies can choose which LCA they really mean and apply that prevailing wage number to the hire. Because the visa has already been granted of course theyll tend to take the lowest prevailing wage number, because thats the number against which they match the local labor market. Remember that part of this business of getting H-1Bs is there must not be a U. S. citizen with comparable skills available at the local prevailing wage . If we consider that exercise using the data from Charlotte, above, a company would probably be seeking a programmer expecting 73,965 or above (after all, they are trying to attract talent, right) but offering 50,170 or below (the multiple LCA trick). No wonder they cant get a qualified citizen to take the job. Based solely on approved LCAs, 51 percent of recently granted H-1B visas were in the 25th percentile for pay or below . That8217s statistically impossible under the intent of the program. We have no clear way of knowing what companies actually pay their H-1Bs beyond the LCAs, because that information isnt typically gathered, but remember that whatever level it is wont include benefits that can add another 30-40 percent to a U. S. citizens wage. Here is the Government of India touting its H-1Bs as cheaper than U. S. workers, which of course they aren8217t by law supposed to be. I wish this was the extent of abuse, but it isnt. A 2011 Government Accountability Office (GAO) study found that approximately 21 percent of H-1B visas are simply fraudulent 8212 that the worker is working for a company other than the one that applied for the visa, that the visa holders identity has changed, that the worker isnt qualified for H-1B based on skills or education, or the company isnt qualified for the H-1B program. H-1Bs, even though they aren8217t citizens or permanent residents, are given Social Security numbers so they can pay taxes on their U. S. income. A study by the Social Security Administration. which is careful to point out that its job doesn8217t include immigration monitoring or enforcement, found a number of H-1B anomalies, the most striking of which to me was that seven percent of H-1B employers reported no payments at all to H-1B visa holders . This is no big deal to the SSA because these people qualify for no benefits, but it makes one wonder whether they are under-reporting just Social Security or also to the IRS and why they might do so Those H-1B employers who do report Social Security income do so at a level that is dramatically lower than one might expect for job classifications that are legally required to pay the 8220prevailing wage.8221 Maybe at this point I should point out that the H-1B visa program is administered by the Department of Homeland Security. Feel better One defense of H-1B might be that it raises overall skill levels, but studies show H-1B employees to be consistently less capable than their U. S. citizen counterparts. This data point is especially interesting because it is drawn from the LCA data where applying companies claimed that 56 percent of H-1B applicants were in the lowest skill category and could therefore be paid the least. So at the same time companies are claiming they need the H-1B program to bring in skilled workers, the workers they are bringing in aren8217t very skilled at all. Or if they are skilled, then the sponsoring companies are fudging their paperwork to justify paying lower than market wages. Either truth is damning and the latter is downright illegal. Here8217s where I8217ll give a shout-out to the Libertarian contingent reading this column because they8217ll tend to say 8220So what It8217s every man or woman for himself. Employers should be able to do whatever they damned well please while workers can always go elsewhere.8221 But it8217s against the law. At this point a longtime reader of this column speaks up: I have been a practicing immigration attorney for over 13 years. I have done many H-1B visas and like any other government program it was loaded and is still loaded with abuses8230 In my opinion, employers who need H-1B Visa workers should have to go through a screening process before they are allowed to submit the application and a bond should be posted if they violate the law. For a large multinational corporation to play this game is not new. The reason that they carry on with these activities are for one reason only 8212 control. Control of the employee and uneven bargaining at the end of the day. I have dealt with this with different multinational corporations8230 and they have, can and will act in the same manner. As always, it takes either an investigation by the USDOJ or massive fines (or both) to redirect bad behavior to federal compliance. Even if I wasn8217t at ground zero in this stuff, it would still bother me, wrote another longtime reader who has spent his entire career in IT. Our country spent decades learning to treat workers fairly and with respect. The driving force behind unions in the first place was to address serious problems in the workplace. With all this offshoring and H-1B crap, we8217ve dumped 100 years of improving society down the drain. Maybe USA workers do cost too much. The problem is we are not fixing the actual problem. As more and more jobs go off shore, the damage to our economy grows. If we would fix the problems the playing field would be more level and USA workers could compete for jobs. These abuses by corporations are not only hurting USA workers, they are hurting our nation. Using H-1Bs takes more bodies to do the same work to which must be added all the busywork of noncompliance. Gaming the system is far from effortless. In the end I think the savings to companies is minimal, perhaps even nonexistent, and the signal it sends to students is to study law instead of computer science. Raj The Intruder November 18, 2014 at 12:06 am This narrow minded article proved how dumb, ignorant, Pathetic, Racist you American folks are. But really the comments and the article made me laugh. I enjoyed reading and yes I am Proud to be an Indian working in USA. If I make you this jealous and make you think soo hard, spend time researching about H1b then I Won. No wonder why the whole world thinks 8230.Dumb, Fat, Arrongant Americans. I work in Medical field in NY, I want to stress that Indians dominate in health care as well, more than 50 of the residents and Physicians are Indian( Brownies) Now it8217s time to improve your skills needed in IT field and compete with us or feel jealous all your life and die of hate and jealousy. Make the right choice..Best Results. Winner Smart, Hard working Indian . Loser Dumb, lazy US born American. The article Proves it. Good luck ppl. USJobexported November 19, 2013 at 2:36 pm Based on your location 8211 you must be working for SAS. Your location probably has something to do with your difficulty recruiting as well. I8217m on a floor at a bank right now that used to be all american folks 8211 now they are all 8216consultants8217 from a firm called Hexaware. Basic SQL development, ERP application administration, journal entries. The value of these guys to the bank is real 8211 they will move anywhere, they will live 3 to a room, they will work nights and weekends. This is their value contribution over what the US resources would do. Now 8211 is it right I don8217t know8230I do think Americans got complacent, demanding salaries over the value of their contributions to the organization. BUT 8211 they are americans, and their country should look after them. Let8217s just quit the dancing 8211 WE NEED CHEAP LABOR in order to keep our product prices low. Sure, over time the middle class will dwindle but you need to appreciate that the US is leading the Globalization of the world 8211 in a couple generations the economy we export here will become visible in India 8211 and then we have a trading partner with more opportunities. It is frustrating to see Gates saying theres a shortage of talent though 8211 jesus 8211 just say it, 8216I need Americans to work for less, but they won8217t because they8217re in debt from their university training, so please give me the alternative from India.8217 amin June 1, 2014 at 6:24 pm Either your expectations have gotten so high owing to the huge number of FAKE resumes by indian consultants that you ignore the real resumes of U. S Nationals or you just don8217t want to pay as much James August 31, 2014 at 3:13 pm I T Companies providing Visas for Indian workers is a scam. I have worked with I T workers from India, and find them very mediocre in their work. They have no idea of budget, quality or on time delivery. However, in exchange for a visa, they will work cheaply. Companies use the Visa as a recruiting tool. The USA is quickly going the way of the UK, Canada, even Scandanavia and when these people over run the country, take the government jobs that they seem to migrate to, take over the corner stores, gas stations, motels, basically all the cash businesses that they can avoid paying tax for, you will come to regret this Liberal notion. No one wants to appear racist, we have laws to prevent this. They know this and the laws and use them. Samantha Jeff September 9, 2014 at 5:18 pm Hello everyone, My name is Samantha Jeff, I am from the Texas, United State, am here to testify of how i got my loan from Mr Andre Frank after i applied Two times from various loan lenders who claimed to be lenders right in this forum, i thought their lending where real and i applied but they never gave me loan. I was in need of an urgent loan to start a business and i applied from various loan lenders who promised to help but they never gave me the loan. Until a friend of mine introduce me to Mr Andre Frank the C. E.O of Andre Frank Loan Company who promised to help me with a loan of my desire and he really did as he promised without any form of delay, I never thought there are still reliable loan lenders until i met Mr Andre Frank, who really help me with my loan and changed my lief for better. I don8217t know if you are in need of an urgent loan, free feel to contact Mr Andre Frank on his email for help Julian Sam October 1, 2014 at 1:39 am Hello Every One, I am mrs Julian Sam From Ohio U. S.A, I quickly want to use this medium to shear a testimony on how God directed me to a Legit and real loan lender who have transformed my life from grass to grace, from being poor to a rich woman who can now boast of a healthy and wealthy life without stress or financial difficulties. 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My name is Andy James currently living in california USA Am message this letter because am really grateful for what Elvin Morrison did for me and my family when I thought there was no hope he came and make a way for me and my family by lending us loan at a very low interest rate of 2. I never thought that there are still God sent and genuine loan lenders on the web but to my greatest surprise i got my loan without wasting much time so if you are out there looking for a loan of any amount i would like to recommend you to Elvin Morrison the Managing director of Elvin Loan Company because he is a God sent man that can change your life forever, So if you really want to make a better life without any fund scarcity I would advise you to get in touch with him through this e-mail below . Mike Wilson November 21, 2014 at 5:34 pm I am a 58 year old software engineer with over 25 years experience in technology. There is a dirty little secret that these business people who claim they can8217t find qualified locals to fill jobs, won8217t tell you. They are rigging the process by setting the qualifications so high that almost nobody but a genius (eg. Alan Touring, Donald Knuth or Dennis Ritchie) is good enough to get the job. Requirements are so specific that in reality, the only candidate who could meet the qualifications is someone already on that team But apparently if you are in Indian under 30 with no papers and willing to work 7 days a week for 20 less than average rate, they are happy to give you a waver on any qualifications you don8217t have. As far as I know, software engineering is the only field where interviewees are expected to pass 8220white board8221 tests where we must write code by hand on a white board while watched by the interviewer. 8220I want to see how they solve problems on their feet8221 say some interviewers. These tests are NOTHING like real world developing and are there just to give the interviewer a way to do illegal screening of people deemed too old or of the wrong nationality (USA). I was laid off and it took me 9 months just to find a contract job at 10K below what I was making fulltime. Looked at a ton of job postings with laundry lists of expert skills required which almost nobody will have such as expected an embedded developer to also be expert at internet programming8230 huh Now, more than 50 of the software hiring managers are Indians and guess who they prefer to hire I recently saw a job posting that required 2-3 years experience minimum get filled by a Chinese guy who JUST graduated with his masters and has 0 years actual work experience. Why Because he was willing to work for 10 an hour under the going rate. This is BS and you know what It won8217t last. After these greedy short sighted corporate suits kill our local high tech market (who will sweat thru the hell of engineering and go in debt to a college to get 30 an hour) and then the Indians will get wise and demand more money or start their own companies in Bangalore, putting ours out of business tom November 21, 2014 at 6:21 pm Joe Programmer August 6, 2013 at 8:12 am Callistus: Dude you are eff8217ed up. 8220The fact is H1bs are more dedicated, hard working, result oriented and know at all times their ass is on the line8221. Are you stupid If you read the details of H1-B requirements, you would know that they have to go back to India the moment they lose their job. So you8217re glib crap ignores the fact that they are essentially indentured servants And you want American workers to act the same way 8220To some extent I agree it allows employers to find someone at a lower wage, but the benefits to the US economy is much more. Please work hard on your part and try to do better than the rest..or be left behind.8221 What inane bullhit. Most of the 1008217s of H1-B8217s I had to work with as an independent contractor for over 20 years were, at best, 8220B8221 players. At best Most were 8220C8221 and 8220D8221 players. And quite a lot of them were hired by other H1-B managers: yes, RACISM. I have to say I made a lot of money cleaning up the crap work those H1-B8217s did, so the assertion that American workers are substandard by your snide comment is complete crap. I bet you are some bozo who has had the same job for some boring company for the last 15 years. You are a dying breed and will find out the hard way the next time you have to hit the street for a job. It is ignorance like yours that lets this travesty continue. The really sad part about all this is that Cringley8217s article could have been written 15 years ago and would still have been accurate. Suede September 13, 2013 at 11:54 am I8217m sorry you lost your job, but companies will always find ways to get a bang for their buck. Even if the wasn8217t any such thing as an H1B visa program, your company might8217ve still outsourced the job, therefore, you still would8217ve lost your job anyway. This is just how the world is evolving and we have to adapt. When music streaming applications came out, Instead of music companies bitching about how they can no longer sell their CDs, they adapted to it. That8217s just how the world works. Jeff September 14, 2013 at 5:45 pm Yes, that8217s true companies do find a way. Kaiser Permanente at one time (2005) had 9,000 IT professionals thoughout the US, mostly in California. All making good salaries and spending money, on homes and cars ect, and paying both federal and state taxes. By 2009 the last 900 IT professionals were shipped out to IBM India. That8217s 9000 US jobs shipped overseas in just 7 years, by Kaiser Permanente. Thousands of US companies have repeated these actions with the sanctions of the US Chamber of Commerce and the Department of Labor. So we have learned one thing. Bribery works. Lilly December 28, 2013 at 11:25 pm Understand that the US Chamber of Commerce is a private trade organization with most major companies as members. It is not a US government agency. Just like the Federal Reserve Bank is a privately held banking corporation. Joe Smith August 2, 2013 at 12:01 pm I lost three of my engineering jobs to H-1Bs. I tried for years to obtain jobs in engineering but only received a few calls for possible jobs after the H-1B visa quotas were filled by October 3rd just a few days after the H-1B hiring takes place every year. Politicians and corporate lobbyists want us techies to fail. So I then went to Italy and sold two of my nano technology patents to a start up company there. So I am making sure that my patented technology is never touched by an H-1B on US or any other soil. Italy will be in the forefront of nano technology with my patents and other US ccitizens patents. I am being compensated for my patents through a foreign financial setup where no USA taxes are paid. By doing that I also am eligible and collect 17,000 of public assistance from the USA federal government every year. So if you have been adversely affected by the H-1B program and you have technical skills going to waste then do something similar to what I have done, it is all legal, I consulted with several patent and overseas financial attorneys before I made the decision to do this. So without the H-1B program I would be putting my nano technology patents and expertise to good use for the USA economy and technological advancements. I would be paying approximately 27,000 in federal taxes each year, and another 7,000 in state taxes. With the H-1B program I pay no taxes, instead have the US government pay me 17,000 every year. I am busy working with my patents with the Italians. So thank you USA politicians for your corrupt ties to greedy corporations that hire H-1B foreign visa workers to replace us techies. Because of you I am way ahead and YOU are falling behind. John Fisher August 3, 2013 at 7:46 pm My wife recently investigated the possibility of getting a career in IT. One of the steps she took was to call around about education programs. She found several IT management programs and turned those down because she has no programming experience and feels she should actually learn to program and spend some time doing it before presuming to manage programmers. Other people don8217t feel the same way. The schools offering management programs assured her that she does not need to be a programmer to be an IT manager. The point The core of Callistus8217 argument is that Dan R. must have not been an effective employee. Maybe he wasn8217t or maybe he was, but was his boss from one of the IT management programs 8211 and did he have pointy hair like the Dilbert boss Was Dan8217s boss competent enough to even understand whatever Dan did as an employee No One Important August 4, 2013 at 6:31 am In the 1990s, the go-go years of the dot com 8211 these may have been necessary. It8217s a bit unfortunate, but some of the 8220demands8221 of individuals may be too high for the market place at this point. I was in Nor Cal when the dot com era blew up. What happened was, hundreds and hundreds of firms laid people off, and those in certain fields still expected to get the 250K starting salary and Ferraris as bonuses. The market changed immediately. There was a glut of people, and those still in certain fields were angry because they wouldn8217t accept the fact that this glut of individuals had caused a 8220correction8221 in the salaries. And there are others that seem, frankly, upset they missed the dot com bubble and refuse to accept the reality. There are shortages in areas, such as Oracle DBAs, mPX, SharePoint specialists, JAVA, SAP and PeopleSoft programmers, etc. If you don8217t followupdate your skills to where the demand is 8211 that is a problem 8211 and will stunt your positions. Another problem is some people won8217t move to where some of these jobs are. Their states have been gutted by liberal policies and companies have moved. I don8217t think this problem is as black and white as some want to claim it is. Do we have a problem Maybe. If we want to truly find out if these companies are telling the truth, since they8217re the ones looking to bring in IT talent 8211 maybe they should be made to advertise the job running it through this government agency. Publish the job, the salary, and have the resumes sent to this agency, and let the company justify to this agency why they won8217t accept the Americanslegal individuals already here before being granted an H1-B visa for that talent. This would immediately produce large amounts of data which we could accurately judge whether we have a shortage or not. Or, was the company looking for a talent that couldn8217t migrate (can8217t change jobs if a company sponsors you). or is the company just looking to run down the wages. Let8217s stop having the conversation in a vacuum and start demanding dataproof to justify what both sides are saying. This would satisfy both sides, and establish if what either side is saying is accurate. bravo September 9, 2013 at 4:12 pm As a professional with 20 years experience in Industrial Automation let me tell you not only here but in every country is very difficult to find talented people. Here and in other countries you can find the typical techy worker, in your words, irresponsible, not motived, willing to leave 4pm after spending the day in drinking coffee and eating donuts in several breaks. Demand of skilled people is a phenomena no country can avoid Suede September 13, 2013 at 11:48 am You should not be writing this article because apparently, you have no clear knowledge about this topic at all. The O Visa requires something like 8211 A) an actor with who won an Academy Award, B) An author who won a Pulitzer Prize. As we all know, there is no such equivalent for every kind of industry, therefore, there is no choice but to put the employee under the H1B visa program. Do not blame it on the H1B holders. Blame it on the broken immigration laws. Ron September 25, 2013 at 3:00 pm Cringely is right, and you are wrong about the O visa. O-1 visas are given to those in IT fields 8220of extraordinary ability8221 (e. g. those with CS or EE doctorates with a long publication or patent history who are considered authorities in their fields) ALL THE TIME. They truly are BY DEFINITION the 8220best and brightest8221 8211 and there is no limit to the number that a company can hire. So they already have unlimited access to the world8217s 8220best and brightest8221. The H-1B visa is specifically for workers with as little as a bachelor8217s degree who work in designated specialty occupations 8211 in the case of the IT industry, this includes ordinary college grad programmers, analysts, and engineers. They are by definition NOT the 8220best and brightest.8221 On the related point of whether IT companies want H-1B workers because they are so much more 8220innovative,8221 peer-reviewed research shows that they are not, nor is there a domestic shortage of qualified workers. Rather, the research shows that the real motivation is to reduce labor costs and to exert more control over workers who are virtually 8220indentured8221 to the company. Source: essential. metapresscontentrr68515891n77336fulltext. pdf Hugo September 30, 2013 at 10:18 am I came from the UK under a H1B in 2002, my skills were in a very specialized area of IT and there was simply no local skills available. I myself had trouble hiring for these skills when I was managing in the UK. The application process was arduous and I did almost all of it myself, they needed all kinds of paperwork including evidence that the prospective employer had not been able to find local skills. It was pretty clear (I thought) that only unusual skillsets and genuine applicants would get admitted, just as we see with American engineers, bankers, professors etc. seeking work in the UK. But since I8217ve been here (I did marry but that was never expected, my H1B employer offered a green card anyway) I8217ve seen what seems to be an abuse of the H1B system. I8217m seeing lots of people from India using H1B for roles that require pretty ordinary skills, for example C, SQL, Linux or VB programmers are not rare skills, they are amongst the most common skillsets in programming. I just don8217t understand how common up to date technical skills justify any need for H1B workers, and why are so many of them from India I wonder Well India has a surplus and there are many staffing firms from India operating in the US 8211 just try applying for an IT job here. Almost every name I encounter when I apply for work here through agencies is clearly Indian, so there is a disproportionate representation not only of Indian programmers but Indian recruiters. The H1B should ONLY be issued if an employer can PROVE that there are genuine difficulties in getting skills locally and only after some evidence of that has been presented should a H1B be considered. But frankly I just don8217t see that, I8217ve seen jobs offered that unashamedly say 8220H1B applicants welcome8221 BUT that is an abuse of H1B, because a genuine demonstrable NEED for it MUST precede any consideration of it. Of course the employers here are the Indian run recruiting firms who have streamlined the process of getting H1B8217s and I suspect they have a vested self-interest in sending a worker from India under an H1B. This means that legitimate workers in the US (which includes me because I became a resident quite legally and have always respected and obeyed the rules) may be at a disadvantage when low-cost skills from India are in an advantageous position and it should be stopped, There are many many thousands of US workers and young people who8217d love to work in the IT field but they can8217t get trained because few firms actually do train, some form of apprenticeship would be wonderful. It8217s all about employers reducing costs, IT as a career is beginning to suck 8211 despite all of the years of effort and training the H1B abuse undermines it, IT is hard enough as it is because it changes so rapidly but to add the extra abuse of flooding the market with cheap labor is sad, makes me wonder if the US is going to become like the UK. Imagine the US was hiring hundreds of thousands of Indian lawyers under H1B to fill legal jobs in the US, you can bet that something would be done about that pretty quickly Bill October 10, 2013 at 7:26 am I am currently seeking a contract or full-time role as a developer and I am just amazed at how many of the names and agencies that I deal with are Indian (presumably): Saxon Global 8211 has a Bangalore office 8211 agents have Indian names. saxonglobal FCS 8211 Head Office 8211 Uttar Pradesh 8211 Indian 8211 fcsltdindex. htm IDC Technologies 8211 has office in India 8211 agent is Indian: idctechnologiesindex. php Boston Technology only lists a US Office, agent is clearly Indian. boston-technology Tekis Hub has office in UAE: tekishub Auritias 8211 ne mention of India office, agent is clearly Indian name: auritas Pyramid Consulting has India office and agent clearly has Indian name: pyramidci Themesoft has India office, agent clearly has Indian name: themesoftinc Sunittech has India office, agent clearly has Indian name: sunittech Anblicks has three India offices, the agent has Indian name: anblicks I could go on, I really could but this surely conveys something Over 90 of the agencies sending me e-mail (like tech fetch, career builder, jobsite and all the rest) have an office in India andor the contact name for a job is an Indian (apparently) name. Every day I get a few e-mails because I8217ve registered at techfetch and career builder etc, yet almost every single one is an Indian named contact from an agent who has an office in India 8211 the US offices may or may not simply be registered corporate addresses 8211 nothing more than mailboxes for all I know. Foreigners dominate the software recruitment business in the USA 8211 this is a plain deduction from the facts at hand. How did this happen what assurances are there that these firms behave ethically and do not favor Indian candidates who may want to transfer a H1B Visa. From what I8217ve read a H1B 8220transfer8221 is actually a fresh application for a H1B Visa BUT WITHOUT BEING SUBJECT TO ANY CAP 8211 get that bit If some of these firms have H1B staff working in the USA who want to change jobs or are approaching the end of their contract, then these firms might have streamlined the H1B 8220transfer8221 process and be able to favor these candidates over US candidates because the profits are better. This is just a suspicion of course, I have no evidence 8211 but living in the USA 8211 the home of high technology and software innovation 8211 its very disheartening to see the recruitment industry dominated by Indians running Indian firms. Steve October 13, 2013 at 1:57 am 100 of initial H1B visas for foreign doctors are fraudulent. 8230..Each year the U. S. government pays 100,000 each for 26,000 new medical residencies for medical school graduates to complete specialized training at teaching hospitals located throughout the United States. Out of the 100,000 the U. S. government funds, 50,000 is a salary paid to the doctors. In 2013, 17,487 U. S. medical school graduates, 2677 U. S. osteopathic medical school graduates and 5,095 U. S. citizen and permanent residents who graduated foreign medical schools (25,259 total) applied for the 26,000 positions. All graduates had to have their credentials verified and pass two separate competency exams in order to apply. 1,100 U. S. medical school graduates and 2,300 U. S. citizen and permanent residents who attended foreign medical schools were not offered U. S. taxpayer funded trainingjobs in the United States. Out of the excess 741 positions, foreign medical school graduates managed to obtain 5,000 U. S. taxpayer funded residencies at a salary of 50,000 per year. 823082304,400 of these U. S. citizen and permanent resident graduates who had their credentials verified and passed competency exams were deemed 8220not qualified8221 for training. 82308230What would we do without the H1B visa skp October 24, 2013 at 7:23 pm I am an H1b. I cannot agree to all that the author is trying to say. There is half truths in it. But I stress that you may have millions STEM people. but how many of them are employable is a big question mark. Without skills degrees are useless. Aditya October 31, 2013 at 3:58 pm I am an H1B visa holder. And to be truthful, I do not have any extraordinary skills that an American worker won8217t have. The logic is simple. الربح. We are made to slog and we do so, dreaming of earning in dollars. And with the current conversion rate, people are happy when they convert their earnings to Indian currency. Outsourcing is, in my limited experience, a profit making machinery. I might be wrong. But in simple terms, thats what it is. A simple example. US engineers and IT people have created companies like google, Microsoft etc. Indian tech guys create companies that service the American companies. فترة. Well, there have been cases when Indian like Sabeer Bhatia, who founded msn. have created more jobs for Americans. But I guess that8217s a one off case. notes December 17, 2013 at 1:31 pm Hi I stumbled upon your post while doing some general research about my H1B visa. I share your concerns because i may be a future american, but if you are true American then you should already know the American philosophy, what happnes on this land, new blood comes replaces old blood. it does not matter from where new blood comes. This is simply a nature in America, and thats how it prosper. now i on my part have choice to accept it or not. but born citizen dont have any choice. sometime we have to accept some norm the way our environment is. In my native country, india. the reason why we are so much behind of world is that we do not easily allow newcomers to come in. We expelled Britisher out, fought with them, but rather if we would have collaborated with them, negotiated with them then may be today india would have been at least somewhere close to developed country. Also some one above in his post said, all the recruiters are indian, so my question is why the heck an American who does not have job, can join this indian recruiting company. That Indian company would be glad to keep you as recruiter, because you have english as your native language. I am not getting why an American can8217t be recruiter. Same for H1B8217s too, Why a good american programer who has lost his job can8217t apply in indian IT company, or altogher why he can8217t be made as Manager in indian IT company. Just on the basis that you have some idea that all Indian work on cheap rates, thats totaly wrong. H1Bs are not allowed to work on low rates. there is a mimimum wage rate. i guess 80K YR. I have worked with American programers, some are really good. but not everyone is good. and the one who are good, they dont really want to do day to day crap IT job. rather they will spent time at knowing it at broad level. Will not do low level. crappy stuff. Just be honest. Dmitry December 20, 2013 at 3:23 am Since you brought up Microsoft as an example8230 I was formerly an H1B employee at Microsoft. I can tell you with a high degree of confidence that H1Bs at Microsoft (and the same is true, based on my experience and anecdotal knowledge from friends, at Google, Amazon, Apple, etc8230) are compensated exactly the same as their American counterparts. So, at least as it relates to these companies, the argument for 8220profit8221 is completely baseless. Another baseless argument is saying that there is 8220no shortage of STEM workers8221 in the IT field. The fact that you are using an umbrella-term like 8220IT field8221 means that you have no clue at all about the field. I don8217t doubt that there are plenty of workers who can do IT-stuff 8211 this is hardly a qualification that top tech companies, like Microsoft, are looking for. They are looking for tech ninjas 8211 those, who wouldn8217t even call themselves as being in the IT industry for the risk of being confused with the mob of mediocrity. I can8217t deny that there are companies that try to circumvent the intent of this visa program. Where there is a monetary incentive there is someone to take advantage of it. In fact, they are the bane of the top companies attempts to bring talent because they take a portion of the H1B caps. The proper approach is not to cancel the H1B program, but rather to find ways to combat the problem. And, in parallel, increase the caps because the economic benefit of supporting top world-leading tech companies far outweighs the problems created by outsourcing companies. In fact, I would go as far as saying that if your job is outsourced with such ease, you should consider this an early warning and start changing your career path. Until then, companies like Microsoft would open satellite offices in Canada (as they did in Vancouver, BC) with the tax revenue that could have gone to US. Then, you also have to consider the auxiliary effects of a high concentration of tech talent, like the emergence of strong startup scene, which leads to a virtuous cycle. Peter April 23, 2014 at 2:10 pm Similar situation, originally from UK at top university, H1-B at large tech company in California after interning. Paid at least as much as American peers (6 figure salary, generous benefits). I am valuable because of my niche experience there. There is clear abuse from Indian 8220IT Consulting8221 companies which grab a huge number of H1Bs each year, and the outsourcing that goes to them 8212 I fully agree with this. But, you cannot make sweeping generalizations, as many of us are here for our talent, and do not drive down wages. The focus must be on eliminating abuse in the system 8212 see skilled immigration (points-based) in various EU countries for examples. Firas January 7, 2014 at 6:39 am there are things in IT jobs those are completely absent in your conversations: 1-Training is very useful for junior level, while there are terms can not be taught above that, like experience and passion that lead to creativity, they are more like a gift. 2-Considering above, it is very worthy for me to be an indie developer and sell software directly to American companies rather than be in a limited salary and paying multiple big taxes in USA, (am not American and don8217t live in the states by the way). 3-There are strong competitors for almost all American software companies worldwide, and wo O visa or other bureaucratic nominations, American IT companies will face one of the possibilities:loosing global domination, opening in another country and in either way you will loose the industry. AnotherCDeveloper January 20, 2014 at 6:15 pm Why are the H1Bs so afraid of competition The Indian H1Bs are indentured slaves. Let them start their own companies in India. If this is a level playing field, just require any company that wants to hire an H1B to advertise for 30 days, document the position and skills they are looking for. Let Americans see the jobs and then require the companies to document what skills they are unable to hire for. It would solve the problem. US workers can compete with anyone. The H1B program is a scam to get cheaper labor. One problem we do have is we are a heterogenous culture and are willing to give newcomers the benefit of the doubt. Indians take this and screw us. Try to find an Indian H1B that speaks badly of another Indian. It doesn8217t happen. They take care of each other. Once Indian H1Bs are part of the company the culture is ruined and slowly will transition to all Indian. Dear you seem to be thoroughly frustrated and lost hopes. No one can stop talent. Bill gates was school drop out. When USA started globalisation why now repent. Globalisation is only for your products to sell not for labor migration Why US MNC hire costly American labor and compete in backward countries when they can outsource to cheap labor Other way is to send work offshore and set up factories in China, India, Bangladesh. That is what your MNCs are doing. Then you wont even get consumer dollars too and your retail chains like Wal-Mart will perish and more job. You must sit in drivers seat to understand this. Think like Bill gates or Obama. Why American labor gets 50000 Dollars a year on average when in India it is just 900. So big difference. Obviously there will be migration attempts. Let USA change its policies and let third world countries develop then no one would want to go to USA. Who wants to leave his motherland and go in alien land So always big picture in mind. Your leaders like President and MNC CEOs are not traitors and damned fools like you guys think out of frustration. Train yourself for new careers if you cant compete. Karthik January 23, 2014 at 8:30 pm I am an H1B. payed well above Industry average, I do not think I have any special technical skills. I quit my first job for a better paying job. but later my first company called me back with a much higher offer and my current company (i stayed there only for 8 months ) agreed to pay 20 more. seeing this I assume that there is something special with me . Initially I was under the assumption that I am paid a minimum wage. but later on i started checking the industry average and I found that my previous salary itself was 10 to 20 higher than most comparable jobs . Now I beleive that companies keep their H1bs not because they are cheap but may be they add the expected value or even more to the work they do .(By the way I make sure I work only 8 hours or less on a productive day or 9 hours on a not so productive day ). I do not intend to say that H1bs are superior workers. but rather wanted to assert that they are in no way inferior when it comes to the skills demanded for H1b jobs. I am pretty sure the american youth is well aware of the fact that their jobs are at stake. when applicants are from around the world. and I believe they are good enough to stand the competition . Jay March 12, 2014 at 8:18 pm The author is biased and obviously full of wrong information 8230. 8220The most common way, in fact, for converting an H-1B visa into a green card is through marriage to a U. S. citizen.8221 8230LOL. He is a funny guy, how many of H1Bs marry citizen. 8230He is full of wrong figures8230btw H1B can get job only when there is an ad for ten (10) consecutive business days in two conspicuous locations such as notice boards8230and there is no job applicant8230. Someone might have lost job and accusing cheap labor was a reason8230.But if employer really wants cheap labor then they will try someone from Africa or South America8230Why H1B since H1B salary has a minimum salary limit8230 8230 read the concern, which despite being written as it is, still demonstrates accurate concerns: I, Cringely What Americans don039t know about H-1B visas could hurt us all I, Cringely And for the record Bonita, your post doesn039t make much sense in line with this debate. My post 8230 IveyGrad April 1, 2014 at 4:13 pm Over the last decade, jobs that required basic skills that were traditionally filled by H1Bs have been outsourced completely. Although there are exceptions. H1Bs hired these days do represent the cream of the crop. You are most likely to encounter a Stanford engineering PhD working at Apple on machine vision or a recent Wharton graduate working for Mckinsey amp Co. These candidates are highly prized mostly due to the selectivity of the graduate programs they attended. To put this in perspective, Stanford statistics department admitted 1 student from United States last year out of a total of 300 who applied. Facebook and Google each hired 2 engineers right out of top undergraduate programs in India for 250,000yr on H1Bs. Clearly the wages are not low and no, they do not do grunt work. The author8217s argument makes sense for the period of time until 2004, but since then outsourcing has accelerated to the point now that these corporations find places like India and China far to expensive and are looking at other Asian, South American and African countries. Abraham April 25, 2014 at 10:12 am am so happy so I need to pay for H1b Visa Attorney Fee is only 1550. I think New H1B cap opens on April 1, 2014. As the economy continues to improve, we anticipate that (just like 2013) the H1B petitions may go into random lottery selection. If you want to increase your chances of making it into the forthcoming H1B cap, you must start your application process NOW. Thanks so much for your time and consideration. Kind regards, Abraham Welday, P. O.Box 1037 Email: abrahamwel22gmail or There8217s no doubt abuses in H1-B. However, a fair number of H1-B holders become permanent residents and productive members of society. I came to US from Canada on H1-B for an EE job. I stuck around and eventually got my greencard, and master degree at Stanford. I8217ve been through a few startups and paid in excess of a million in tax over the years. For people like me, H1-B is the only path for skilled workers to become US citizen. US is a country of immigrants, starting from the founding fathers. There8217s always tendency for old immigrants to push away new immigrants. The challenge that we have here, is to really weed out the lower skill works who have no chance (because of employer abuse) of getting a green card. sriti June 19, 2014 at 7:29 am I am u. s citizen, I work in it company It is painful to work with H1b workers, they often tries to show u. s. Citizen workers that they are very skilled full, when you tries to ask them something, they will not help you, because you are not Indian, These Indiana people only help themselves, I feel so bad working with some of them, specially IBM consultant. They think they are something, I wish u. s. Makes very less quotas for this H1b, specially they need to stop bringing people from India, u. s. Have to make certain ways that citizens can get such training at university, so they can be a very good work force, there is so many graduates are sitting at home not working because they don8217t have experience or skills, if those graduates can get such training, they can be good workforce and. great tax payer, Samantha Jeff September 9, 2014 at 5:20 pm Hello everyone, My name is Samantha Jeff, I am from the Texas, United State, am here to testify of how i got my loan from Mr Andre Frank after i applied Two times from various loan lenders who claimed to be lenders right in this forum, i thought their lending where real and i applied but they never gave me loan. I was in need of an urgent loan to start a business and i applied from various loan lenders who promised to help but they never gave me the loan. Until a friend of mine introduce me to Mr Andre Frank the C. E.O of Andre Frank Loan Company who promised to help me with a loan of my desire and he really did as he promised without any form of delay, I never thought there are still reliable loan lenders until i met Mr Andre Frank, who really help me with my loan and changed my lief for better. I don8217t know if you are in need of an urgent loan, free feel to contact Mr Andre Frank on his email for help Whistle Blower September 16, 2014 at 11:17 am This is nothing but our U. S. Govenment8217s fault for making this happen. My company even bought an IT company in India to send IT jobs there. My company is a U. S. govt contractor and has project work done off-shore in India. It is a shame that our own gov8217t. allows that thier project work sent to India and not to its citizens here. My company is basically left with 8220Managers, Liasons, coordinators8221 in United States. The real work is being done in India, which is subpar. But hey as long the company saves millions. 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Fast closing, serious applicant only should Contact email for more information: (arcofinance. firm. inchotmail) My name is Antoni Bolek and i am from poland. warsaw. after randomly searching online for things about accerdited online loan lenders i found this article about the Queeneth Stark Loan Agency which stated on how the Queeneth Stark Loan Agency has been of great help to others who were in need of loan both in time past and in the now. its crazy that i got scammed of 3000 Dollars by an online loan lender in time past and this was why i became even more careful this time in getting this my student loan as i needed to contiune my education at all cost by getting a loan from any legit and accredited online lender because my dad is late and my mum was financially unstable to take up with my educational expenses because i had my youngers once whom she was catering for. i decided to apply with this loan agency of a loan amount of 25 ,000.00 United State Dollars becauswe i was in desperate need of a loan but amazingingly and by the grace of God almighty in heaven. i got this loan funds swiftly and immediately after the completion of my application process and this is why i want to reccomend this loan council to every one on this forum who are also in dire need of loan too just as the way i was some few months ago and there email address is here just incase you wanna contact them too for any type of loan mrsqueenethstarkloanagencyadmin. in. th My name is Antoni Bolek and i am from poland. warsaw. after randomly searching online for things about accerdited online loan lenders i found this article about the Queeneth Stark Loan Agency which stated on how the Queeneth Stark Loan Agency has been of great help to others who were in need of loan both in time past and in the now. its crazy that i got scammed of 3000 Dollars by an online loan lender in time past and this was why i became even more careful this time in getting this my student loan as i needed to contiune my education at all cost by getting a loan from any legit and accredited online lender because my dad is late and my mum was financially unstable to take up with my educational expenses because i had my youngers once whom she was catering for. i decided to apply with this loan agency of a loan amount of 25 ,000.00 United State Dollars becauswe i was in desperate need of a loan but amazingingly and by the grace of God almighty in heaven. i got this loan funds swiftly and immediately after the completion of my application process and this is why i want to reccomend this loan council to every one on this forum who are also in dire need of loan too just as the way i was some few months ago and there email address is here just incase you wanna contact them too for any type of loan mrsqueenethstarkloanagencyadmin. in. th My name is Ahana Enaney from ireland. If getting a legit loan online was that easy as stated in all this frabicated loan testimonies that i have been reading through online. then why were my husband and I turned down for a loan online twice after been scammed of about 16,000 United State Dollars. We the loan seekers are the common regular victims of this fake loan stories simply because we are in dire needs we believe in their stories out of despiration to get a loan, but at the end of it all we find out that we have gained nothing but rather loosed the little we have into the hands of this online scammers who claim to be real lenders. the lenders told us to pay some few amount for insurance because they said that we were high risk. How is that I still don8217t understand how. how can a lender be requesting several fees from a borrower. if that borrower was having money would he or she have come along to ask for a loan. those lenders decieved my husband and i of getting a loan and we thought it was all real because we never believed that there was anytime as an online loan scam and they had all pay all we had to them and due to the way things were moving we had to close out our buisness over here in ireland as we could not meet up with the customers needs any longer because we sold all most every single goods we had and we could not replace them as we thought that we could do so if we get our requested loan amount 8230 yes. we were scammed by two different lenders online. a customer who was also a closed friend to the family saw the way things were so bad and decided to introduce us to a loan company but we refused any further loan offer because we had conluded that all of them were scams but he insisted as he opened up of getting a loan from them but we believed him at a spot after he opened up because we knew himfrom the onset to be a man of unquestionable character who was always known for his words and we applied with this company that he called THE WINONA MILLARAY LOAN FOUNDATION but prior to our application with this email address. winonamillarayloanfoundationlinuxmail. org. that he provided to us we quickly lookup this loan company in google so that we could be sure that they were legit. نعم فعلا. it was to my own satisfaction and i applied but God was so kind that he lead us through and we got our loan. Oh well, I8217m just glad that we got our loan without been scammed or any stress . Ahana Enaney from ireland and you can reach me on my official email address ahanaenaneygmail . jamie October 1, 2014 at 5:38 pm Jamie Lawrence Loan HOUSE We offer private, commercial and personal loans with very low annual interest rates as low as 2 in one year to 50 years repayment period anywhere in the world. We offer loans ranging from 5000 to 100 million. Our loans are well insured for maximum security is our priority. Are you losing sleep at night worrying how to get a legitimate loan lender You bite your nails that fast Instead of beating you, contact Jamie Lawrence loan house (Loan Services) now, specialists who help stop loans bad credit history to find a solution that victory is our mission. Applicants must fill out a loan application form below: E-mail:jamielawrenceloanhousehotmail FORM credit application loan applications Your full name Your e-mail Your phone Your address Your city State Province Country Sex Date of birth Do you have an account Have you applied before The loan amount is needed The life expectancy The purpose of the loan Send me a scanned copy of your passport: Creditor: Mr. jamie Lawrence. The lender E-mail:jamielawrenceloanhousehotmail Ariana Grande Porn Video 8230Every as soon as in a whilst we pick blogs that we read. Listed below would be the most up-to-date web-sites that we opt for 8230 krishan sanghi October 3, 2014 at 5:30 pm Who is this man I couldn8217t go past 3 paragraphs as his facts are totally incorrect. More they are in coherent. He does not even know that H1B are converted in GC and do not need marriage here. In that case no H1B will be required in 1st place. Completely useless. Not worth spending time. Bryce October 4, 2014 at 9:43 am ATTENTION IMPORTANT INFORMATION PLEASE READ Greetings everyone. My name is Bryce knorr. I am a customer relation officer at KIVA GLOBAL FINANCE. I only came here to thank all our customers globally who have taken loans from us and repay back as at when due. Our greatest thanks goes to our customer8217s who directed either their relatives or friends to also take loan from us. We want to use this opportunity to thank you so much for your corporation and for trusting us and allowing us to put smiles on your faces even at this time when it is difficult to trust lender8217s because of so many fake online lenders proliferating the internet and spoiling the name of the few legitimate ones. Thank you for giving us the benefit of doubt and for letting people know that there are still few legitimate online loan lenders like KGF. We know that as this year is about to end, there may be certain needs looking for a soft loan to take care of your bills, expand your business or even start up a new business. Am happy to announce to everyone that as part of our end of year bonanza and most especially as a way to mark our 30th years anniversary of rendering financial assistance to people around the world, KIVA GLOBAL FINANCE has arranged a special loan package to everyone, both our old and new customer8217s around the world. We have arranged an END OF YEAR LOAN PACKAGE that will suit your needs and circumstances. The processes are simple and flexible. NO COLLATERAL REQUIRED. NO CREDIT CHECK. NO CO-SIGNING. Hurry now and apply to benefit from this end of year loan package before it is closed. Send your request to one of our representatives now through email: ( johnson. kivagroupgmail ) and experience financial freedom. For the benefit of those who are hearing about us for the first time, i want to let you know that to date, KIVA GLOBAL FINANCE serves more than 27,000 members across the world with 250 million in assets and more than 500 million reserve loan funds in support of our mission. Our financial services has touched the lives of people around the world. At KGF, we do things differently. Our loan is highly secured and affordable. You can visit our website at kiva. org to know more about us. You can also apply there. But that will take some weeks before your loan can be approved. I will advice you contact one of our representatives directly for fast processing and approval of your loan within 24 hours via ( johnson. kivagroupgmail ) Contact him now so we can discuss in more detail with you as we would like to extend our services worldwide8230Always remember, NO TRIAL, NO SUCCESS. Mrs Charity Peterson October 6, 2014 at 7:27 pm Good Day Every One, I am Mrs Charity Peterson, a citizen of the United Kingdom, I am married woman with two kids, a boy and a girls. I have been happily married for 8 years now and life is worth living for us here in the London. My main positive aim of writing this article is to share a testimony about a loan lender Mr Crystal Clark the director of CRYSTAL CLARK FINANCIAL HOME, which God has use to change my story today before i continue further about this genuine loan lender, let me quickly narrate my sad story. It all started like this, when my lovely husband was getting prepared to pay a condulent visit to his parent who reside in British Columbia, Canada. Before he left for the visit to his home soil he was briefly illed, although he was taking treatment before he left for the journey. Getting to his country, he called and reported that he has successfully arrived in his state, we were glad to hear that good news likewise him and his parent, so he told us he was going to stay for long because he wanted to feel at home a little before he return, after two weeks, we received a call that his illness is becoming worst and that it8217s getting out of hands, that he has been admitted in the hospital there in his state. Then we started praying to God to heal him for us, not quite long he died. I became very sad, i cried almost all day because of the sudden disappearance of my lovely husband, who left i am the family so soon, then we had to plan for his funeral and at which he was buried and after all set and do, i had to return to my own country to start up my life with the kids. Getting to my London, things were becoming difficult for us because all the money he left behind have been spent during his funeral, then i have to manged with the kids, still yet things were becoming more worst for me. We can8217t even feed three time a day, no money to pay my bills, school fees for my kids and not withstanding the house rent was coming to experienced and the landlord was already around to remind us about it, all this together were in my mind and i was so worried, i couldn8217t even sleep at night, at times i cried till dawn, i have no one and no where to go for help. I started thinking on what to do to be able to raise money but i could not come up with a good idea. One day as i was surfing the net, i saw an advert by a man named Mr Crystal Clark regarding a loan on going program, without wasting more time i contacted them and i apply for loan sum of 25,000.00usd and i was so happy because they responded to my email and i was given a form to fill, which i did and they sent me their loan terms and condition including the monthly installment which i also agree to, after that i was ask to pay for upfront fee, then i became skeptical and i did not reply them any more and i had to sleep over it and i found that i don8217t have any other remedy, i had to look for the money and i email them on how i will get the fee to them, they instructed me to remit the fee via western union and i did. Now i have to wait for their response, to my greatest surprise before God and man, i receive an alert from by bank that the sum of 25,000.00usd had been credited into my bank account, i was so happy and my heart was full of joy, my kid were also very much glad to here the good news and today i am a successful window who is now doing well, i now own a unisex boutique where i now managed. I am using this medium to tell the worldwide that i am very grateful to Mr Crystal Clark, who turn my story to glory. Today are you in any need of a loan to stand back to feet or are you in the same situation like me, the solution is here and now, contact Mr Crystal Clark a genuine, legit, reputable and God fearing man loan lender for your urgent loan via email:crystalclarkfinancialhome007yahoo and don8217t forget to tell him you where referred to him by me because i promise to bring him more client as a return of what he as done for me and my family. Mrs Charity Peterson. Taylor October 25, 2014 at 5:16 pm My father is a brand new Recruiter for an IT H. R. firm, a small company, maybe a dozen employees. They8217re all american. He never did this sort of work before, and after 9 months on the job is amazed at this whole situation. His company finds jobs that need filling (all consulting temp jobs for large ERP installations and implementations), and send him the requirements. He manages the job boards, posting the jobs, and searching the boards for suitable resumes. Mostly, after finding qualified people, he spends the day trying to reach them by phone. I home-school all day, so I hear every conversation. When I say 8220amazed at this whole situation,8221 I mean, he is amazed when he finds that the prospects he talks to are defeated by the influx of people willing to take the same job for a much lessor rate. For the most part, he8217s gotten pretty good at identifying qualifications using job boards and reading resume8217s. So, his key 8220to-do8217s8221 are to find out if the candidate is rolling off an assignment and when, is willing to take the job he has to offer, and answer the question, 8220what is your rate.8221 You would think that, as smart as IT people are, they could answer this question, and move on, but more and more of them launch into a complaint that sounds something like this: (by way of example only, not a quote) 8220Well, that depends on who I8217m competing with. How many firms are involved in the placement of a person for this position How many foreign consultants have shown an interest in this position I don8217t want to loose the opportunity to get this job if it8217s a matter of rate.8221 I8217m not an economist, but if I had to put a name to it, I8217d call the whole situation, another way for the rich to get richer by choosing a less expensive alternative to fill a niche. No different than opening trade with China to purchase goods less expensively than the competition. However, I think it becomes unfair when the rules of the game aren8217t followed (at the very least) by all. When companies hire 8220regular tech8221 guys instead of specialists with skills not available, it8217s just circumventing the system, isn8217t it When consulting firms only hire H1 people because they want a 30 return instead of hiring all american and accepting 14-20 return, isn8217t that simply, pure greed When hiring entities 8220recruit8221 H18217s, rather than posting the jobs, and waiting to talk to H18217s when 10 days has expired, with no similar american worker with sufficient skills answering it isn8217t that simply circumventing the way the H1 program was written, and I8217d go as far as to ask, doing so greedily You workers from India may consider it 8220smart8221 to rail against, and even make fun 8211 that you are getting over us because of, our system. But here8217s the thing: there are some clear examples in US history where the american worker has stood up to that which is so clearly unfair. I8217m not saying that you should consider 8220staying in your place,8221 but there is some degree of self interest that may be maintained in not being so snarky about the fact that you8217re taking our jobs unfairly. The job market for you may dry up after a single election. Our working public may, at some point, realize that the hippy type groups fighting the 1 percenters in New York, may have had something there. Maybe there is a class warfair thing going on in the U. S. Maybe the rich really are just turning a blind eye to the law when they hire an Indian worker for half what they can find 10 others for currently that are US citizens. Maybe this group will realize, that it8217s not just about 8220the minimum wage,8221 but is an entire plethora of issues that should be addressed once they again regain power 8211 as they have before. Snarky comments by foreigners are never welcome. Even worse when you realize, they8217re also in your pocket as well. giuliano October 29, 2014 at 6:30 am Testimony of lending money I want to give you my testimony here, you who are looking for ready money, I do not know how to express my joy for being myself looking ready, I came across Lelio. Frediano. He granted a loan of 10,000 euro at a rate of 2 and I8217ve talked to several colleagues who have also received loans from this man without worries. Especially for me, I received my credit application by bank transfer in a period of time without protocol and I am quite satisfied. The reason why I publish this announcement is that this man continues to work wonders for people who are really in need. So I decided to share this opportunity with you who do not have the benefit of banks or who had had to deal with dishonest lenders who are abusing the personality of others you have a project or need financing, you can write to him and explain your situation it will help if it is convinced of your honesty. Here is his email: leliofredianogmail Jessica November 5, 2014 at 8:45 am I am Mrs Jessica, currently living in Cape town, South Africa. I am a widow at the moment with three kids and i was stuck in a financial situation in Dec 2013 and i needed to refinance and pay my bills. I tried seeking loans from various loan firms both private and corporate but never with success, and most banks declined my credit. But as God would have it, I was introduced to a Man of God a private loan lender who gave me a loan of 85,000USD and today am a business owner and my kids are doing well at the moment, if you must contact any firm with reference to securing a loan without collateral. no credit check, no co signer with just 2 interest rate and better repayment plans and schedule, please contact Mr Daniel Jones. He doesnt know that am doing this but am so happy now and i decided to let people know more about him and also i want God to bless him more. You can contact him through his email: fidelityloanfirmoutlook 8230we came across a cool web page that you may well love. Take a look in the event you want8230 My name is Mr Theodore Boyd..I was frustrated when i got fired from work, so I wanted a loan to start up a business but i was scammed severally by those bastards who pose themselves as loan lenders and tries to rip people off their hard-earned-money. I finally applied from. It was unbelievable that i finally got my loan..On behalf of my family I want to thank you for your help. Thank you MrsWinona Millaray for keeping I and my family8217s head above water. her company contact address is winonamillarayloanfoundationadmin. in. th or better still winonamillarayloanfoundationlinuxmail. org please, If you want to experience swift and guarranteed service you can have them contacted and also letting them know that you were refered to them by Thank You Once Again 8230.Mr Theodore Boyd. My name is Mr Theodore Boyd..I was frustrated when i got fired from work, so I wanted a loan to start up a business but i was scammed severally by those bastards who pose themselves as loan lenders and tries to rip people off their hard-earned-money. I finally applied from. It was unbelievable that i finally got my loan..On behalf of my family I want to thank you for your help. Thank you MrsWinona Millaray for keeping I and my family8217s head above water. her company contact address is winonamillarayloanfoundationadmin. in. th or better still winonamillarayloanfoundationlinuxmail. org please, If you want to experience swift and guarranteed service you can have them contacted and also letting them know that you were refered to them by Thank You Once Again 8230. Mr Theodore Boyd. Mrs Jane November 8, 2014 at 3:11 pm I8217m Jane Brown by name. I live in USA, i want to use this medium to alert all loan seekers to be very careful because there are scammers everywhere. Few months ago I was financially strained, and due to my desperation I was scammed by several online lenders. I had almost lost hope until a friend of mine referred me to a very reliable lender called Mrs. Lily Brown who lend me an unsecured loan of 350,000 under 2hours without any stress. If you are in need of any kind of loan just contact her now via: (mrslilybrownco9gmail) I8217m using this medium to alert all loan seekers because of the hell I passed through in the hands of those fraudulent lenders. And I don8217t wish even my enemy to pass through such hell that I passed through in the hands of those fraudulent online lenders, i will also want you to help me pass this information to others who are also in need of a loan once you have also receive your loan from Mrs. Lily Brown, i pray that God should give her long life. God bless her forever. wholesale silver jewelry 8230although sites we backlink to beneath are considerably not associated to ours, we really feel they may be actually worth a go as a result of, so possess a look8230 I know this website provides quality dependent posts and other information, is there any other network site which provides these information in quality Hello everyone out there , My Name is Miss Debra Hughes. i live in USA and life is worth living comfortably for me and my family now and i really have never seen goodness shown to me this much in my life as i am a struggling mum with three kids and i have been going through a serious problem as my husband encountered a terrible accident last two weeks, and the doctors states that he needs to undergo a delicate surgery for him to be able to walk again and i could not afford the bill for his surgery then i went to the bank for a loan and they turn me down stating that i have no credit card, from there i run to my father and he was not able to help, then when i was browsing through yahoo answers and i came across a loan lender Mr. Lewis Logan who provides loans at an affordable interest rate and i have been hearing about so many scams on the Internet but at this my desperate situation, i had no choice than to give it an attempt and surprisingly it was all like a dream, i received a loan of 100,000 USD and i payed for my husband surgery and thank GOD today he is okay and can walk and is working and the burden is longer so much on me any more and we can feed well and my family is happy today and i said to my self that i will shout aloud to the world of the wonders of GOD to me through this GOD fearing lender Mr. Lewis Logan and i will advise anyone in genuine and serious need of loan to contact this GOD fearing man via ( lewislogaloanfirmoutlook ) and i want you all to pray for this man for me THANKS Miss Debra Hughes Anonymous November 13, 2014 at 1:47 pm The companies 8220investing8221 in H1B workers are ultimately creating their own demise. An Indian H1B worker will work for less pay than an US worker8230the trade-off is that most H1B workers are medoicore in their quality of service8230.they are often hard to understand because of those thick Indian accents, difficult to work with because of their lack of skills amp knowledge, amp not very professional in handling tasks at hand. When I was interviewed for an IT position, I had to go through 3 interviews, amp unfortunately 1 of them was Indian. This Indian recruiter didn8217t know the position I had applied for, I had to hand him one of my resumes, while the other recruiters knew exactly what I was applying for I had a hard time understanding the Indian recruiter too It sounded like he was mumbling, amp his thick accent didn8217t help. I had to ask 8220Huh8221 because we wouldn8217t speak loud enough. To make matters worse, it8217s like he didn8217t know how to interview candidates. The way he asked questions was a way other IT recruiters wouldn8217t ask. For example, he said 8220So you would lie is someone asked you a question8221 I told him, 8220NO, that8217s wrong amp unethical, amp if I don8217t know the answer, I would direct the client to someone who does know the answer.8221 Needless to say, I think I got screwed by him. I wouldn8217t have minded his accent if he speak loud amp clear enough amp keep in mind, this Indian was the boss of 30-something people in the firm I applied to. If this guy can8217t even speak clearly while interviewing someone, I8217d hate to see how his employees have to deal with him. All the other interviewers had everything ready for interviewing me, except for the Indian. قرف. I hate employers who can8217t do their job right Mr John Romero November 13, 2014 at 2:28 pm Hello friends. I am Mr John Romero a citizen of UK. i want to testify of the good Loan Lender who showed light to me after been scammed by 2 different Internet international lender, they all promise to give me a loan after making me pay fees which yield to nothing and amounted to no positive result. i lost my hard earn money and it was a total of 3500Pounds. One day as i was browsing through the internet looking frustrated when i came across a testimony woman whose name is Mrs Patient Jones from the United State (US) who was also scammed and eventually got linked to a legit loan company called Mr MARK SMITH Loan Company (mrmarksmithloancompanygmail) where she finally got her loan, so i decided to contact the same loan company and then told them my story on how i have been scammed by 2 different lenders who did nothing but to course me pain. I explain to the company by mail and all they told me was to cry no more because i will get my loan in their company and also i have made the right choice of contacting them. i filled the loan application form and proceeded with all that was requested of me and I was given a loan amount of 350,000.00Pounds by this great Company managed by Mr. MARK SMITH and here i am today happy because Mr MARK SMITH Loan Company has given me a loan so i made a vow to my self that i will keep testifying on the internet on how i got my loan. Do you need a loan urgently kindly and quickly contact Mr MARK SMITH Loan Company now for your loan via email: mrmarksmithloancompanygmail Thanks MR MARK SMITH All Alone November 14, 2014 at 1:34 pm What did the Lone Ranger(K no sabes) say to Tonto(stupid)8221 Looks like we are surrounded by Indians8221. Tonto responds, 8220What do you mean we8221 We focus on the Mexicans all the time and use them as a cover to pass 8220immigration reform8221. Pres O is listening to Facebook, Google and Twitter and not Mr. Lettuce farmer, Mr. Strawberry farmer or John Smith Construction and Landscaping Co. But yet they are being charged with doing the same thing Big Corp is going. I say let the Americans that need a job work in the fields and on production lines at these minimum wages to keep them off the welfare dole. Is that really so bad mrs marian November 17, 2014 at 1:18 pm Do you need a loan Welcome to mr fatherbishoploans8230we issued any type of loans to Applicant who is in need of an urgent loan financial assistance and to whom the bank denied them from having credit and we are legally backed by the government. I must tell you, That in this company we give maximum satisfaction you can ever desire. All that is required of you as a borrower is genuine information about yourself, if you are interested in our ads. Company name: fatherbishoploans Ltd FILL THE BORROWER INFORMATION Name:82308230.. Country.. State: City:823082308230.. Address:82308230.. Loan amount:8230 Age:823082308230 Sex:823082308230. Occupation:82308230.. Loan Duration:8230. Monthly Income:82308230. Mobile Phone Number: Office Number:8230.. Email Address82308230 Contact us for more info: fatherbishoploansgmail Thanks It really is teeming with scams on the internet, really not normal. In one week I lost 500usd for payments. I had inquiries made. at Dandy Cash came just disappointed. I would recommend anyone to advertise on the site. I8217ve only tried it a different website, and when I had finally found someone who was still honest (scottutah308hotmail) Because he asked me in advance, but doubted he could give evidence and so I took the risk anyway and I was able to borrow from him. 30000usd, please don8217t email anybody said to be a loan lender in this website because they are all scams, they disappoint me and run away with my 500usd, Mr Scott Utah is the only one i trust because he gave me the loan i needed,,please do not email anyone in this website because they are scams they pretend to be loan lenders they rip people of their hard earned money the USA Attorney General Of Police are searching for this guys in the internet right now so don8217t email this guys please they will rip you off like they did to me.. Mr Barry December 6, 2014 at 4:54 pm Hello everybody, I am Mr Barry, currently living in canada, I am a married man at the moment with two kids and i was stuck in a financial situation by august 2012 and i needed to refinance and pay my bills for my son medication. I tried seeking loans from various loan firms both private and corporate but never with success, and most banks declined my credit. But as God would have it, i was introduced to a Man of God a private loan lender by a friend named Mr. James and i got a loan sum of euro10,000USD and today am a business owner and my kids are doing well at the moment. So dear, if you must contact any firm with reference to securing a loan with low interest rate of 2 and better repayment plans and schedule, please contact Mr. Stanley Kings he doesnt know that am doing this but am so happy now and i decided to let people know more about her, he offers all kinds of loans to both individuals and company and also i want God to bless him more. You can contact his company through this email godiaandsonscompanygmail Mr Crystal Clark December 6, 2014 at 5:38 pm Complement of the season to you all, Do you need an urgent loan to pay off your bills and debts Do you need fundscapital to managed or expand your business Have you been turn down by banks and other financial agency because of your bad credit scoreAre you in a very deep financial mess and you need an urgent loan to stand back to feet financiallyAre you blacklisted Have you been searching for a long term or short term loan Do you need a secure and unsecured loan If yes then search and panic no more, CRYSTAL CLARK FINANCIAL HOME is a certify and approved credit home where all your financial difficulties can be a thing of the past, we give out all kind of loan such as: Educational Loan, Business Loan, Mortgage Loan, Consolidation Loan, Car loan, Auto Loan etc, we also lend out loan at affordable interest of 2.5 and we do give out loan in all kinds of currency like, Ponds, Euro, Dollar s, Rands, the minimum loan we lend out to borrowers is 5,000.00usd while the maximum is 100,000.000usd. We stand out as a medium to help those that are in any financial needs, so kindly search no more today and apply for your easy loan to execute your plans and be successful in life. Contact us today via emailcrystalclarkfinancialhome007yahoo for more information about our loan programming and regulation. You can also apply online. تحياتي الحارة. Mr Crystal Clark
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